Abstract: The main material of related photoconductors is silicon. When toner is blown onto a photoconductor, spots of NOx occur, which leads to occurrence of image blurring and image running, and image quality deteriorates substantially. In the present invention, there is provided a photoconductor for use in an electro-photographic photoconductor comprising a conductive substrate, a carrier blocking layer and a photosensitive layer, wherein a value for a polarized element of the most outer surface energy of the photoconductor is 2 [mN/cm] or less. The photoconductor can therefore be used without being heated to 35-45° C., heating equipment is unnecessary, and image blurring and image running do not occur. The present invention also includes defining of the most outer surface energy of the photoconductor having a surface protection layer composed mainly of silicon on the photosensitive layer.

Abstract: A communication abnormality detecting/coping device and a vacuum pump remote monitor control device are provided, which are capable of detecting the presence/absence of an abnormality in data communication and reducing an influence of the abnormality on a system device when detecting the abnormality. An operation acknowledge message 51 is transmitted to a system device (30) from a turbo-molecular pump control device (20) in Step 1. A reply message (53) indicative of the reception of the operation acknowledgement message 51 by the system device (30) is transmitted to the turbo-molecular pump control device (20) in Step 3. In Step 5, an elapsed period of from a time at which the operation acknowledgement message (51) is transmitted to a time at which a reply message (53) is received is measured, and if the elapsed period exceeds the preset period, the abnormality in the communication system is warned in Step 6.

Abstract: To keep a temperature of an interior of an automotive vehicle at least at a level of an external atmospheric temperature even if the vehicle is parked with an engine being stopped for a long time, an automotive air-conditioning apparatus is composed of a cooling device 12 to be controlled by a controller 13, a pre-cooling device 20 for pre-cooling the interior of the vehicle, and a sub-controller 18 for controlling the pre-cooling device. The pre-cooling device is composed of a cooling thermoelectric element module 22, a ventilation fan 23, a solar battery 21 and a pre-cooling storage battery 24 charged by the solar battery.

Abstract: A temperature adjusting device has an air-tight container. A thermoelectric element is disposed in the air-tight container and has first and second opposite surfaces each capable of radiating and absorbing heat through a Peltier effect. A first heat exchanger is disposed in the air-tight container for performing heat exchange between a thermally conductive first medium and the first surface of the thermoelectric element. A tank is disposed in the air-tight container and is connected to an inlet side of the first heat exchanger for storing the first medium. A second heat exchanger is disposed in the air-tight container for performing heat exchange between a thermally conductive second medium and the second surface of the thermoelectric element. A pump circulates the first medium through the first heat exchanger. A temperature sensor detects a temperature of the first medium circulated by the pump.

Abstract: A positioning system comprises a feeding mechanism having three or more feeding units disposed in a moving direction of a moving body. Each of the feeding units has first and second moving elements for clamping and unclamping the moving body, feeding the moving body in the moving direction from an initial position to a target position, and returning the moving body to the initial position. A memory device stores preselected phase and amplitude values of the first and second moving elements. A calculating device calculates phase and amplitude command values for the first and second moving elements based on the phase and amplitude values stored in the memory device. An output device outputs driving command values to the first and second moving elements based on the calculation result of the calculating device. A control device controls the feeding units to clamp the moving body by all of the feeding units after the moving body has been moved to the target position.

Abstract: A magnetic bearing device comprises a rotor, electromagnets, radial direction displacement sensors, and a control circuit for controlling an exciting current of the electromagnets in accordance with a signal from the radial direction displacement sensors to magnetically levitate the rotor. The control circuit comprises a position detecting circuit, a calculator, a PID operating part, a phase inverter and power amplifiers. A CPU analyzes the displacement of the rotor at the time of rotation on the basis of a sensor signal issued from the position detecting circuit to supply a correction signal obtained as a result of analysis to the calculator. A magnetic force is thus generated which offsets the oscillation of the rotor for each of the frequency components and is supplied to the electromagnets. The magnetic bearing device is capable of inhibiting displacement components of the rotor other than a first order component in the rotation frequency of the rotor.

Abstract: A tape winding apparatus, for winding a certain length of magnetic tape in a cassette, comprises a detection unit and a cassette distributor. The detection unit detects the existence of holes on the cassette, which are regarded as information used in winding the magnetic tape. The winding operation of the winding station is controlled by the information received from the detection unit. If the information set by a controller and the information detected by the detection unit do not match, the cassette is regarded as defective and is distributed to the appropriate location by the cassette distributor.

Abstract: An electrolytic combined processing machine includes a grinding wheel spaced apart from and facing a workpiece, a current switching circuit for switching a coarse grinding to a fine grinding of the workpiece by the grinding wheel, and an infeed switching circuit for switching the infeed speed of an infeed table which allows the grinding wheel to relatively approach the workpiece. The switching operation is based on a measurement result obtained from a size measuring unit which measures a processing amount of the workpiece. During fine grinding, the infeed speed of the grinding wheel is the same as the speed of a passivation coating film generated on the workpiece. Workpieces, particularly of brittle materials, can be processed in a state of less processing distortion with improved surface roughness, flatness and efficiency.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a photoreceptor for electrophotography excellent in electrophotographic characteristics such as charging properties and sensitivity, which process comprises the steps of forming on a substrate, which comprises an electroconductive support or a support having an electroconductive film thereon, a thin film composed of a material selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide and silicon oxides, containing predominantly SiO.sub.2, by deposition from the vapor phase to produce an under coat layer, and forming on said under coat layer a carrier generation layer and a carrier transport layer in this order.

Abstract: A magnetic disk inspection apparatus for recording and reproducing inspection signals onto and from each track on a magnetic disk, in which the inspection signals are recorded and reproduced automatically without a manual operation onto and from the magnetic disk, the maximum value is detected from the reproduction signals on the basis of the sampling signal, the average value of the maximum values is calculated for each sector, the difference between the average values in the same sector number of the adjacent tracks is determined, the change ratio based on this difference is calculated and quality of the magnetic disk is judged on the basis of this change ratio.

Abstract: A magnetic disk inspection apparatus for inspecting protuberance on a surface of the magnetic disk. The apparatus includes an inspection head detecting the protuberance by a piezosensor, and rotating speed control circuit controlling a rotating speed of the magnetic disk held by a rotary holder member. The rotating speed control circuit generates a different speed increasing rate for each of concentric zones formed by dividing into a plurality of sections in a radial direction of the magnetic disk to keep a floating height of the inspection head in a predetermined constant value.

Abstract: A method for preventing contamination caused by residues of etched off patterns etched by photolithographic etching. A considerable amount of small contamination spots on a semiconductor chip are found to be caused by tiny residues of etched off patterns. These residues are formed primarily around the periphery of device areas and mark patterns when their outsides are etched off. The occurence of such residues of etching is increased by anisotropic etching. These residues are dislodged by succeeding steps of the pattern making process, and disperse over the substrate causing small contamination spots. To avoid the detrimental effects of the etching residues, the edges of the mark patterns and device areas are covered with an edge cover which is formed in a step to following the pattern etching process.

Abstract: The present invention provides an inspection apparatus for inspecting an object such as an information storage medium or an information recording/reproducing head under set inspection conditions, which comprises: a sensor for identifying the type of object set for inspection by its size, and automatic inspection condition setting means for automatically setting the inspection conditions for the object to be inspected which are associated with the type identified.

Abstract: A stepping motor control apparatus comprises current computing means for computing a motor-coil exciting current corresponding to the holding position from a predetermined wave form pattern; micro step driving means for driving the stepping motor toward the final holding position through a micro step transfer distance shorter than a regular step transfer interval by exciting the motor-coil by application of the exciting current obtained from the computing means; and acceleration control means for controlling the stepping motor acceleration by switching on and/or off the exciting current of the motor-coil in accordance with an acceleration signal.

Abstract: To remove an old photoresponsive or photoconductive selenium layer from a drum of a copy machine as preparation for the vacuum evaporation of a new photoresponsive layer thereonto, the drum is immersed in a hot fluid such as water, steam or liquid or vapor trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene. Due to the softening of the photoresponsive layer and the difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the photoresponsive layer and the drum material, the photoresponsive layer may be subsequently easily physically removed from the drum.