Abstract: In one embodiment, there is provided a charging method of a battery pack in which a plurality of aqueous battery cells are electrically connected in series. In this charging method, in a case where the battery pack reaches a reference voltage by a constant-current charging at a first charging rate, constant-current charging is performed on the battery pack at the second charging rate lower than the first charging rate and being from 0.01 C or more to 0.05 C or less. Then, this constant-current charging at the second charging rate is continued until a charged electric charge amount from a start timing of the constant-current charging at the second charging rate reaches a reference electric charge amount set from 1% or more to 5% or less of the nominal capacity of the battery pack.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal device that includes forming an inorganic alignment layer by emitting an alignment film material that is made of an inorganic material in an oblique direction onto a substrate, and forming an organic alignment layer that is a monomolecular film made of an organic material chemically bonded with the inorganic alignment layer on a surface of the inorganic alignment layer by treating the surface of the inorganic alignment layer with a silane coupling agent that has an alkyl group, wherein a pretilt angle of a liquid crystal molecule is set to a desired angle by selecting the silane coupling agent by the number of carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal device that includes forming an inorganic alignment layer by emitting an alignment film material that is made of an inorganic material in an oblique direction onto a substrate, and forming an organic alignment layer that is a monomolecular film made of an organic material chemically bonded with the inorganic alignment layer on a surface of the inorganic alignment layer by treating the surface of the inorganic alignment layer with a silane coupling agent that has an alkyl group, wherein a pretilt angle of a liquid crystal molecule is set to a desired angle by selecting the silane coupling agent by the number of carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal device that includes forming an inorganic alignment layer by emitting an alignment film material that is made of an inorganic material in an oblique direction onto a substrate, and forming an organic alignment layer that is a monomolecular film made of an organic material chemically bonded with the inorganic alignment layer on a surface of the inorganic alignment layer by treating the surface of the inorganic alignment layer with a silane coupling agent that has an alkyl group, wherein a pretilt angle of a liquid crystal molecule is set to a desired angle by selecting the silane coupling agent by the number of carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal device that has a liquid crystal layer interposed between a pair of substrates which oppose each other and an alignment film which is formed on an inner face side of at least one of the substrates includes forming an inorganic alignment layer that has a plurality of columnar structures in which crystals grow in an oblique direction with respect to a normal line of the substrate by using sputtering equipment in which a pair of targets oppose each other with a plasma forming region interposed therebetween, by emitting an alignment film material that is made of an inorganic material in an oblique direction onto the substrate from the targets, and forming an organic alignment layer that is a monomolecular film made of an organic material chemically bonded with the inorganic alignment layer on a surface of the inorganic alignment layer by treating the surface of the inorganic alignment layer with a silane coupling agent that has an alkyl group, wherein a pretilt angle of

Abstract: A surface treatment apparatus includes: a vaporization device vaporizing a silane coupling agent, a treatment device in which a treatment object having an inorganic oriented film is arranged, into which the silane coupling agent that has been vaporized by the vaporization device is introduced, and which performs a surface treatment to the treatment object by subjecting the treatment object to the silane coupling agent; and a control device individually controlling a treatment atmosphere inside the vaporization device and a treatment atmosphere inside the treatment device.

Abstract: An electro-optic device includes a pair of first and second substrates, an electro-optic material sandwiched between the pair of first and second substrates, and an alignment film for controlling the alignment state of the electro-optic material, the alignment film being composed of an inorganic material to which an organic compound is fixed by reaction and being formed on a surface of at least one of the first and second substrates on the side facing the electro-optic material.