Abstract: An optical waveguide includes a diamond layer including a first surface, a second surface and a diamond layer including a complex defect; a first clad layer in contact with the first surface; a second clad layer in contact with the second surface and including a polarity; and a metal layer in Schottky contact with the second clad layer.

Abstract: The subject toner includes a toner particle containing a binding resin and an inorganic oxide particle, wherein the inorganic oxide particle is a particle of an oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of: Si; Mg; Al; Ti; and Sr, wherein, when an area of the inorganic oxide particle is represented by Sm and a sectional area of the toner is represented by St in a cross-section of the toner observed with a transmission electron microscope, Sm/St is 4.0% or more, wherein an area Sm of the inorganic oxide particle that occupies each of four regions obtained by dividing the cross-section of the toner by a long diameter of the toner and a perpendicular bisector of the long diameter has a standard deviation of 0.40 or more in the observed cross-section, and wherein the toner has an average circularity of 0.950 or more.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a toner excellent in low-temperature fixability and excellent in durability under harsh environments of high-temperature and high-humidity, and a method for producing the toner. The toner can contain: a toner particle containing a binder resin, wax, and an inorganic oxide particle; and an external additive, wherein the inorganic oxide particle contains, as a main component, an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Si, Mg, Al, Ti, and Sr; when a thin piece obtained by cutting the toner with a microtome is observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the major axis A of the inorganic oxide particle is 0.10 to 3.00 ?m; and in a wettability test of the toner with respect to a methanol/water mixed solvent, a methanol concentration at a transmittance of light having a wavelength of 780 nm of 50% is 5.0 to 30.0% by volume.

Abstract: A toner set capable of eliminating unclearness in a color boundary of an image in which a color image and a black image are printed side by side. The toner set includes at least: a black toner for forming a black image; and a color toner for forming a color toner image. The black toner is a toner comprising a black toner particle containing a black colorant formed of carbon black or iron oxide, a binder resin, and a releasing agent, and an external additive. The color toner is a toner comprising a color toner particle containing a color organic colorant, a binder resin, and a releasing agent. A ratio in surface roughness (Sa) between the toners is 1.30? surface roughness Sa(C) of color toner/surface roughness Sa(Bk) of black toner ?4.00. The surface roughness Sa(C) of the color toner is 10 nm to 30 nm.

Abstract: A toner comprising: a toner particle comprising a binder resin; and an external additive at the surface of the toner particle, wherein, in a wettability test of the toner in a mixed methanol/water solvent, the methanol concentration at which the transmittance of light having a wavelength of 780 nm is 50% is 5 to 35 vol %, the external additive comprises a fluorine-containing particle, and the fluorine-containing particle is at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluorine-containing titania particle, a fluorine-containing silica particle, a fluorine-containing alumina particle, a fluorine-containing titanium composite oxide particle and a fluorine-containing hydrotalcite particle.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle and an external additive, wherein the toner particle comprises a core comprising a resin A and a shell comprising a resin B on the surface of the core, the external additive comprises a hydrotalcite particle A, fluorine and aluminum are present in an inner part of the hydrotalcite particle A in line analysis in STEM-EDS mapping analysis of the toner, and a concentration ratio of the number of fluorine atoms relative to aluminum atoms (F/Al) in the hydrotalcite particle A, as determined by primary component mapping of the hydrotalcite particle A in the STEM-EDS mapping analysis of the toner, is 0.01 to 0.60.

Abstract: A toner comprising: a toner particle comprising a binder resin and boric acid; and an external additive A having a primary particle major diameter of 80 to 200 nm, wherein in ATR-IR analysis of the toner particle in an ATR method using germanium as an ATR crystal, a peak corresponding to boric acid is detected, the average value of a shape factor SF-1 of the external additive A is 105 to 250, and the average value of a shape factor SF-2 of the external additive A is 102 to 250.

Abstract: A process cartridge includes a toner, a regulating member, and a developing roller including a conductive substrate, an elastic layer, and a surface layer which includes a binder resin, a first resin particle having an elastic coefficient of 100 to 10,000 MPa, and a second resin particle having an elastic coefficient of 2 to 50 MPa and in which the outer surface has a first protruded portion and a second protruded portion 5.0 ?m or more lower than the first protruded portion and has an average maximum height of 6 to 18 ?m. The toner includes a toner particle and an external additive A that is a silica particle having a major diameter of 40 to 400 nm, a surface coverage of the toner particle by the external additive A is 3.0% or more, and a dispersion degree evaluation index D of the external additive A is 2.0 or less.

Abstract: A process cartridge includes a photosensitive member, a toner, and a developing roller, a surface layer of the photosensitive member has a Martens hardness of 245 to 300 N/mm2, the developing roller has a single-layered surface layer containing a substrate and a binder resin; when an elastic modulus of the binder resin in a first region is E1, and an elastic modulus of the binder resin in a second region is E2, E1?200 MPa and 10 MPa?E2?150 MPa are satisfied; the elastic modulus in the second region continuously decreases from that in the first region; the toner comprises a toner particle and an external additive A; the external additive A is a silica particle having a major diameter of 40 to 400 nm; and a coverage of the external additive A with respect to surface of the toner particle is 5.0% or more.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle that comprises a core particle comprising a binder resin and a surface layer comprising inorganic fine particles and an organosilicon polymer, wherein the organosilicon polymer has T3 structure represented by R—Si(O1/2)3, in 29Si-NMR measurement of THF insoluble-matter of the toner particle, a proportion of a peak area assigned to the T3 structure relative to a total peak area for the organosilicon polymer is at least 5.0%, and in observation of a cross section of the toner particle using TEM, the toner has a prescribed surface layer thickness, a prescribed number of inorganic fine particles in contact with the core particle in the surface layer, and a prescribed number of inorganic fine particles present in the core particle and not in contact with the surface layer.

Abstract: A toner comprising: a toner particle that includes a binder resin, and an external additive, wherein the toner particle includes a polyester resin on the surface; the toner particle includes a polyvalent metal element; where an electrical resistivity of the polyvalent metal element at 20° C. is denoted by A ?·m, and an amount of the polyvalent metal element in the toner particle is denoted by B ?mol/g, a following relationship is satisfied: 0.025×108?(1/A)×B?4.500×108; the external additive includes silica particles; and the silica particles includes spherical silica particles having a number average particle diameter of from 20 nm to 40 nm.

Abstract: A toner comprising: a toner particle; and an external additive, wherein the external additive includes spherical silica particles and hydrotalcite particles, a number average particle diameter Da of the spherical silica particles is from 10 nm to 40 nm, a circularity of the spherical silica particles is at least 0.80, and the toner satisfies formula (1) below: {Ga×(1?Ka/100)}/{Gb×(1?Kb/100)}?0.050??(1) wherein Ga: a content of the spherical silica particles with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner particle; Gb: a content of the hydrotalcite particles with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner particle; Ka: a fixing ratio (%) of the spherical silica particles on a surface of the toner particle; and Kb: a fixing ratio (%) of the hydrotalcite particles on the surface of the toner particle.

Abstract: A toner comprising: a toner particle; and an external additive, wherein the external additive includes spherical silica particles and hydrotalcite particles, a number average particle diameter Da of the spherical silica particles is from 10 nm to 40 nm, a circularity of the spherical silica particles is at least 0.80, and the toner satisfies formula (1) below: {Ga×(1?Ka/100)}/{Gb×(1?Kb/100)}?0.050??(1) wherein Ga: a content of the spherical silica particles with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner particle; Gb: a content of the hydrotalcite particles with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner particle; Ka: a fixing ratio (%) of the spherical silica particles on a surface of the toner particle; and Kb: a fixing ratio (%) of the hydrotalcite particles on the surface of the toner particle.

Abstract: A toner comprising: a toner particle that includes a binder resin, and an external additive, wherein the toner particle includes a polyester resin on the surface; the toner particle includes a polyvalent metal element; where an electrical resistivity of the polyvalent metal element at 20° C. is denoted by A ?·m, and an amount of the polyvalent metal element in the toner particle is denoted by B ?mol/g, a following relationship is satisfied: 0.025×108?(1/A)×B?4.500×108; the external additive includes silica particles; and the silica particles includes spherical silica particles having a number average particle diameter of from 20 nm to 40 nm.

Abstract: A toner has a toner particle that contains a binder resin and a charge control resin, wherein the charge control resin is a polymer that contains a unit A and a unit B, the unit A is a unit derived from 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, the unit B is a unit derived from an electron donor compound that has a polymerizable unsaturated group, and a molar ratio between the unit A and the unit B is from 1.0 to 10.0.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle containing a resin, wherein the resin contains a styrene acrylic resin and a polyester resin A, the content ratio of the styrene acrylic resin is 50.0 mass % to 99.0 mass % based on the resin, the content ratio of the polyester resin A is 1.0 mass % to 35.0 mass % based on the resin, and the polyester resin A contains 0.10 mol % to 30.0 mol % of an isosorbide unit based on a total number of monomer units constituting the polyester resin A.

Abstract: A toner has a toner particle that contains a binder resin and a charge control resin, wherein the charge control resin is a polymer that contains a unit A and a unit B, the unit A is a unit derived from 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, the unit B is a unit derived from an electron donor compound that has a polymerizable unsaturated group, and a molar ratio between the unit A and the unit B is from 1.0 to 10.0.

Abstract: A toner having good development durability, storage stability, environmental stability, and low-temperature fixability is provided. The toner contains toner particles each including a surface layer that contains an organic silicon polymer. The organic silicon polymer contains a unit having a specific structure. The average thickness Dav. of the surface layers is a specific value and the silicon concentration determined by ESCA is 2.5% or more. The toner has a shape factor SF-2 of 140 or more and 260 or less and an average circularity of 0.970 or more and 0.990 or less.

Abstract: A toner having good development durability, storage stability, environmental stability, and low-temperature fixability is provided. The toner contains toner particles each including a surface layer that contains an organic silicon polymer. The organic silicon polymer contains a unit having a specific structure. The average thickness Dav. of the surface layers is a specific value and the silicon concentration determined by ESCA is 2.5% or more. The toner has a shape factor SF-2 of 140 or more and 260 or less and an average circularity of 0.970 or more and 0.990 or less.

Abstract: A boat has an outboard motor that is mounted to a hull and has a fuel system. The outboard motor has a cowling housing an engine. The fuel system includes a fuel pump disposed within a sealed container. The sealed container provides a physical and thermal barrier to seawater and engine heat that may otherwise degrade fuel pump operation. The sealed container can also include an internal insulator.