Abstract: In industrial production of &ohgr;-hydroxyaliphatic acid being an important intermediate for large cyclic lactone-based perfumes, using dicarboxylate ester which is inexpensive and readily obtainable, a method, with high yield and improved selectively, for making a 2-(&ohgr;-alkoxycarbonylalkanoyl)-4-butanolide and an alkaline metal salt thereof, an ester of &ohgr;-hydroxy-(&ohgr;-3)-ketoaliphatic acid as a novel compound and a derivative thereof, and a method for making the same are provided.

Abstract: Methods for making 2-(&ohgr;-alkoxycarbonylalkanoyl)-4-butanolide and derivatives thereof, esters of &ohgr;-hydroxy-(&ohgr;-3)-ketoaliphatic acid and derivatives thereof, which are useful as a variety of synthetic raw materials and intermediates, and are prepared as intermediates in the production step of &ohgr;-hydroxyaliphatic acid being important intermediates of large cyclic lactone-based perfumes in the perfume industry.

Abstract: In industrial production of &ohgr;-hydroxyaliphatic acid being an important intermediate for large cyclic lactone-based perfumes, using dicarboxylate ester which is inexpensive and readily obtainable, a method, with high yield and improved selectively, for making a 2-(&ohgr;-alkoxycarbonylalkanoyl)-4-butanolide and an alkaline metal salt thereof, an ester of &ohgr;-hydroxy-(&ohgr;-3)-ketoaliphatic acid as a novel compound and a derivative thereof, and a method for making the same are provided.

Abstract: In industrial production of &ohgr;-hydroxyaliphatic acid being an important intermediate for large cyclic lactone-based perfumes, using dicarboxylate ester which is inexpensive and readily obtainable, a method, with high yield and improved selectively, for making a 2-(&ohgr;-alkoxycarbonylalkanoyl)-4-butanolide and an alkaline metal salt thereof, an ester of &ohgr;-hydroxy-(&ohgr;-3)-ketoaliphatic acid as a novel compound and a derivative thereof, and a method for making the same are provided.

Abstract: In industrial production of &ohgr;-hydroxyaliphatic acid being an important intermediate for large cyclic lactone-based perfumes, using dicarboxylate ester which is inexpensive and readily obtainable, a method, with high yield and improved selectively, for making a 2-(&ohgr;-alkoxycarbonylalkanoyl)-4-butanolide and an alkaline metal salt thereof, an ester of &ohgr;-hydroxy-(&ohgr;-3)-ketoaliphatic acid as a novel compound and a derivative thereof, and a method for making the same are provided.

Abstract: In industrial production of &ohgr;-hydroxyaliphatic acid being an important intermediate for large cyclic lactone-based perfumes, using dicarboxylate ester which is inexpensive and readily obtainable, a method, with high yield and improved selectively, for making a 2-(&ohgr;-alkoxycarbonylalkanoyl)-4-butanolide and an alkaline metal salt thereof, an ester of &ohgr;-hydroxy-(&ohgr;-3)-ketoaliphatic acid as a novel compound and a derivative thereof, and a method for making the same are provided.

Abstract: A method, with high yield and improved selectively, for making a 2-(&ohgr;-alkoxycarbonylalkanoyl)-4-butanolide and an alkaline metal salt thereof, an ester of &ohgr;-hydroxy-(&ohgr;-3)-ketoaliphatic acid as a novel compound and a derivative thereof, and a method for making the same are provided.

Abstract: Method for producing an alkyl carboxylate, in which a carboxylic acid and an alcohol are esterified by reaction in the presence of an acid catalyst, by removing water in a dehydration step established halfway in the esterification reaction using a solid acid catalyst as the acid catalyst, and restarting the esterification reaction to complete the esterification reaction.

Abstract: A high concentration of DL-alanine can be supplied in a culture medium and D-alanine can be efficiently obtained with high yield for a short time by cultivating a yeast which belongs to the genus Candida, the genus Cryptococcus, the genus Hansenura or the genus Trichosporon and has an ability to assimilate L-alanine and not to assimilate substantially D-alanine in a culture medium containing substantially DL-alanine as a single carbon source and a single nitrogen source under an acidic condition. Moreover, because very little other organic by-product and organic impurity exists in the culture medium when the cultivation is completed, it becomes easy to separate and refine the D-alanine.

Abstract: It is possible to efficiently obtain D-(31)-tartaric acid in high yield and to supply DL-tartaric acid of high concentration to the culture medium by cultivating a microorganism which belongs to the genus Pseudomonas, Cryptococcus, Tricosporon or Klebsiella and has an ability to assimilate L-(+)-tartaric acid and does not assimilate substantially D-(-)-tartaric acid in a culture medium containing DL-tartaric acid.

Abstract: A resolving agent for N-acetylindoline-2-carboxylic acid, comprising an optically active .alpha.-amino-.epsilon.-caprolactam gives an optically active N-acetylindoline-2-carboxylic acid in both high yield and high optical purity.

Abstract: Novel indole derivatives of the general formula I can be obtained by reacting, directly or indirectly, N,N-dimethyl-3-indolemethylamine with a Schiff base of the general formula II, ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is cyano or methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl or butoxycarbonyl, and .phi. is phenyl. The successive hydrolysis of the indole derivatives of the general formula I in the presence of an acid and of a base gives tryptophane.

Abstract: Provided are polyamides having properties which make them useful as adhesives, sizing agents, paper strength enhancers and as resins. These polyamides are prepared by heating an alpha-(N,N-disubstituted amino)-E-caprolactam, alone or in combination with one or more comonomers, in the presence of an anionic polymerization catalyst, and are characterized by a repeating unit reprsented by the formula ##STR1## wherein R and R' are each a lower alkyl group or a cyclic amine residue, and also having a relative viscosity of at leasrt 1.5.

Abstract: Lysine ester is produced by heating .alpha.-amino-.epsilon.-capro-lactam with an alcohol. The reaction can be accelerated by adding a small amount of water and an acid or base catalyst.

Abstract: There is provided an improvement in the process for the amination of bis(2-chloro-1-nitrosocyclohexane) wherein bis(2-chloro-1-nitrosocyclohexane) prepared by reacting cyclohexene with nitrosyl chloride in the presence of liquid sulfur dioxide is treated with ammonia. Sulfur dioxide contained in the nitrosation reaction mixture in the form of a slurry or solution containing bis(2-chloro-1-nitrosocyclohexane) is evaporated in the presence of an inert organic solvent, incorporated into the reaction mixture, and is substantially removed from the reaction mixture. Thereafter, the slurry or solution of bis(2-chloro-1-nitrosocyclohexane) in the inert organic solvent thus prepared is treated with ammonia.