Abstract: An optical system affixed to an electronic apparatus is provided, including a first optical module, a second optical module, and a third optical module. The first optical module is configured to adjust the moving direction of a first light from a first moving direction to a second moving direction, wherein the first moving direction is not parallel to the second moving direction. The second optical module is configured to receive the first light moving in the second moving direction. The first light reaches the third optical module via the first optical module and the second optical module in sequence. The third optical module includes a first photoelectric converter configured to transform the first light into a first image signal.

Abstract: Method for detecting word line defect includes activating a first word line for reading a first data pre-stored in the memory cell, suspending the first word line for a predetermined period and then writing a second data complementary to the first data into the memory cell, activating again the first word line for reading a third data from the memory cell, and comparing the second and the third data for determining if an electrical coupling path exists between the first word line and a second word line.

Abstract: Method for detecting word line defect includes activating a first word line for reading a first data pre-stored in the memory cell, suspending the first word line for a predetermined period and then writing a second data complementary to the first data into the memory cell, activating again the first word line for reading a third data from the memory cell, and comparing the second and the third data for determining if an electrical coupling path exists between the first word line and a second word line.