Abstract: Examples of the disclosure relate to position determination using one or more reflectors. In examples of the disclosure an apparatus can be configured to transmit information relating to one or more reflectors within a scattering environment to a network apparatus. The information relating to the one or more reflectors can be used by the network apparatus to enable signals reflected from the one or more reflectors to be used for a position determination.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus comprising means for: detecting an occurrence of a traffic burst event on a flow within a wireless network; responsive to the detection of the occurrence of a traffic burst event, determining whether a traffic burst allowance is available; responsive to determining that the traffic burst allowance is available, scheduling the flow and/or another flow within the wireless network with a traffic burst bit rate at which to transmit data, the traffic burst bit rate being greater than a first, guaranteed bit rate indicated by an assigned quality of service for the flow; and responsive to determining that the traffic burst allowance has been exhausted and/or determining that occurrence of the traffic burst event has stopped, scheduling the flow with the first bit rate.

Abstract: An apparatus, including at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions, the at least one memory and the instructions configured to, with the at least one processor, cause a network device to determine excess resources available for uplink transmissions to the network device and to use at least a portion of the excess resources for a beam refinement process associated with at least one radio beam usable for an information exchange with at least one terminal device.

Abstract: An apparatus, comprising at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions, the at least one memory and the instructions configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: determine a power angular spectrum characterizing a power distribution associated with an antenna array in a two-dimensional angular range, determine a beam aiming direction estimation and an associated confidence, determine estimates for an azimuthal angular spread, ASD, and an elevation angular spread, ZSD, determine a best beam shape and best beam aiming direction according to a predetermined criterion based on at least one of a) the power angular spectrum, b) the beam aiming direction estimation and the associated confidence, c) the estimate for the azimuthal angular spread, d) the estimate for the elevation angular spread.

Abstract: A method including: determining a respective first amount of resources each with a respective first power and a non-aggressive MCS such that a target value is guaranteed for a BLER of a transmission to a terminal under a channel estimate of a channel and a SINR estimate; and instructing a transmission device to perform the transmission using the non-aggressive MCS on the first amount of the resources each with the first power, wherein the transmission device may perform hypothetically the transmission using an aggressive MCS on a second amount of the resources each with a respective maximum available power such that the target value is guaranteed for the BLER under the assumed conditions; the first amount of the resources is larger than the second amount of the resources, the respective first power is less than the respective maximum available power.

Abstract: An apparatus, comprising at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions, the at least one memory and the instructions configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to determine a set of position estimates for a mobile device, wherein each position estimate of the set of position estimates is associated with a) a specific one of a plurality of K many receiver devices configured to receive a reference signal from the mobile device or b) a specific one of a plurality of K many transmitter devices configured to transmit reference signals to the mobile device, and to determine, based at least on the set of position estimates, a set of residual errors associated with at least some position estimates of the set of position estimates.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method including determining, per transmit and receive beam pair of a plurality of beam pairs, a transmit power value based at least partly on a saturation power value of one or more analog-to-digital converters at a receiver; and transmitting, via a transmitter, a signal using the determined transmit power value and a corresponding transmit beam per transmit and receive beam pair of the plurality of beam pairs.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code being configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform determining, per a communication service to which resources are to be allocated, a metric value using a first predefined set of rules, determining, per a sensing service to which resources are to be allocated, a metric value using a second predefined set of rules, sorting communication services to which resources are to be allocated and sensing services to which resources are to be allocated based on the metric values to a sorted order using a third rule, and allocating resources for the communication services and the sensing services based on the sorted order.

Abstract: An apparatus, comprising at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions, the at least one memory and the instructions configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to sample an angular response of a uniform antenna array uniformly in a normalized angular frequency range to obtain a set of angular samples, and to reconstruct an angular response of the uniform antenna array based on the set of angular samples and at least one Dirichlet kernel.

Abstract: An apparatus (100) for processing radio frequency signals, comprising a first antenna system (110) having a controllable first antenna characteristic and a second antenna system (120) having a controllable second antenna characteristic, wherein the first antenna system is configured to operate in a first frequency range, wherein the second antenna system is configured to operate in a second frequency range which is different from the first frequency range.

Abstract: According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method comprising determining that a first mobile terminal is a personal device, receiving, from the first mobile terminal, information about a status of the first mobile terminal, determining whether the first mobile terminal is a Vulnerable Road User, VRU, with respect to a vehicle based at least partly on the received information about the status of the first mobile terminal, detecting a potential collision between the first mobile terminal and the vehicle when the first mobile terminal is determined as a VRU and transmitting at least one warning message to the first mobile terminal in case that the first mobile terminal is determined as a VRU and the potential collision is detected.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code being configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform determining, per a communication service to which resources are to be allocated, a metric value using a first predefined set of rules, determining, per a sensing service to which resources are to be allocated, a metric value using a second predefined set of rules, sorting communication services to which resources are to be allocated and sensing services to which resources are to be allocated based on the metric values to a sorted order using a third rule, and allocating resources for the communication services and the sensing services based on the sorted order.

Abstract: A modulation and coding scheme for a transmission to an apparatus may be selected by at least sampling a posteriori probability distribution that has been calculated using a first probability distribution and a second probability distribution. The first probability distribution is calculated using at least a newest first feedback and a plurality of older first feedbacks, a first feedback indicating channel quality. The second probability distribution is calculated using at least a newest second feedback and a plurality of older second feedbacks, a second feedback indicating a success or failure of an earlier transmission transmitted from the apparatus.

Abstract: A modulation and coding scheme for a transmission to an apparatus may be selected by at least sampling a posteriori probability distribution that has been calculated using a first probability distribution and a second probability distribution. The first probability distribution is calculated using at least a newest first feedback and a plurality of older first feedbacks, a first feedback indicating channel quality. The second probability distribution is calculated using at least a newest second feedback and a plurality of older second feedbacks, a second feedback indicating a success or failure of an earlier transmission transmitted from the apparatus.

Abstract: To configure a wireless sensor network, a sink node receives from nodes first reports, a first report from a node indicating quality of service requirement of the node and battery information of the node, and second reports, a second report from a node indicating at least a signal strength of one signal received from another node. The information in the first reports and in the second reports are used for determining paths from the nodes to the sink node, wherein a path of a node is either a direct link from the node to the sink node or the path comprises at least one node acting as a cluster head between the node and the sink node.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for at least detecting that a radio communication of a distributed unit might be jammed with at least a predefined first jamming probability threshold; and informing a higher layer function of the radio communication that the radio communication might be jammed with at least the predefined first jamming probability threshold, wherein the radio communication comprises a lower layer function and the higher layer function controlling at least partly the lower layer function, the distributed unit provides the lower layer function, and the distributed unit does not provide the higher layer function.

Abstract: A method comprising controlling sensing operations of one or more access nodes, obtaining information from the sensing operations of the one or more access nodes, receiving, from a device, a request to be provided sensing services, wherein the sensing services are based on the obtained information, determining a sensing quality of service associated with the request, receiving, from the device, information regarding sensing capabilities of the device, and based, at least partly, on the request and the sensing capabilities of the device, determining if the requested sensing services can be provided.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, a 5G RAN network has a distributed unit (DU) connected to at least one remote unit (RU) via a transport network (TN) that handles both mobile front-haul (MFH) traffic between the DU and the RUs as well as non-MFH traffic with other end users. A radio scheduler in the DU is configured to perform medium access control (MAC) scheduling for the mobile user traffic, while a TN scheduler in the transport network is configured perform TN scheduling for both the MFH and non-MFH traffic. The TN scheduler is configured to transmit information (e.g., MFH data-rate limits) to the radio scheduler that the radio scheduler uses to perform its subsequent MAC scheduling.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed, the apparatus comprising means for assigning a plurality of user devices, flows and/or data bearers to a network slice of a plurality of network slices, determining whether transmissions via the network slice satisfy a target and, based on determining whether transmissions via the network slice satisfy the target, adjusting a weighted resource allocation metric associated with each user device, flow and/or data bearer of said network slice using one or more calculated offsets, the offsets being calculated so that respective weights, associated with each user device, flow or data bearer on said network slice, are adjusted such that their resource allocations are substantially proportional to their associated weight. The apparatus means may also allocate to the user devices, flows and/or data bearers, based on their respective adjusted weighted resource allocation metrics, transmission resources of the network.

Abstract: An overload control mechanism involving at least an intra slice instance and two or more inter slice instances is disclosed. The inter slice instance is monitoring how two or more network slices use resources. If the use is not within slice constraints, the intra slice instance determines, per a network slice, an amount of resources to be released by the network slice; and causes commanding network slices to release resources correspondingly. An intra slice instance is configured at least to determine, in response to detecting reception of a command to release resources or that one or more of flows do not reach quality of service level, an amount corresponding to resources missing to satisfy quality of service requirements of active flows; sorting flows to an order according to a predetermine sorting rule for flows; and releasing resources flow by flow according to the order.