Abstract: In a selective catalytic reductant dosing system including a reductant injector adapted to inject liquid reductant into an exhaust line, a method of analyzing flow of reductant through the injector includes determining a measure of the temperature of the injector prior to activation of the injector. The method also includes activating the injector and determining a measure of the temperature of the injector subsequent to activation of the injector. The method also includes analyzing the flow of reductant through the injector consequential to the activation by analyzing changes in the measure of temperature of the injector prior to activation and the measure of temperature of the injector subsequent to activation.

Abstract: A method is provided for purging a selective catalytic reduction dosing system having a urea reservoir and a urea delivery module including at least one pump and a dosing injector arranged to spray urea into an engine exhaust pipe and a feedline. The method includes: (1) activating a reverse pump or a pump in a reverse direction; (2) opening the dosing injector; (3) stopping the reverse pump or reverse direction of the pump and closing the dosing injector; (4) activating a forward pump or a forward direction of the pump; (5) stopping the forward pump or forward direction of the pump and opening the dosing injector; and activating the reverse pump or reverse direction of the pump.

Abstract: A method is provided for purging a selective catalytic reduction dosing system having a urea reservoir and a urea delivery module including at least one pump and a dosing injector arranged to spray urea into an engine exhaust pipe and a feedline. The method includes: (1) activating a reverse pump or a pump in a reverse direction; (2) opening the dosing injector; (3) stopping the reverse pump or reverse direction of the pump and closing the dosing injector; (4) activating a forward pump or a forward direction of the pump; (5) stopping the forward pump or forward direction of the pump and opening the dosing injector; and activating the reverse pump or reverse direction of the pump.

Abstract: In a selective catalytic reductant dosing system including a reductant injector adapted to inject liquid reductant into an exhaust line, a method of analyzing flow of reductant through the injector includes determining a measure of the temperature of the injector prior to activation of the injector. The method also includes activating the injector and determining a measure of the temperature of the injector subsequent to activation of the injector. The method also includes analyzing the flow of reductant through the injector consequential to the activation by analyzing changes in the measure of temperature of the injector prior to activation and the measure of temperature of the injector subsequent to activation.

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator comprising a stack of piezoelectric layers formed from a piezoelectric material, a plurality of internal electrodes disposed throughout the stack to define active regions of the piezoelectric material therebetween which are responsive to a voltage applied across two or more groups of the internal electrodes in use, an insulating arrangement which at least partially covers at least one surface of the stack to define a piezoelectric/insulator interface, and two or more side electrodes to connect with the two or more groups of the internal electrodes.

Abstract: A method of poling a ferroelectric sample suitable for use in a fuel injector of an internal combustion engine, the method comprising providing a ferroelectric sample having a stack of ferroelectric layers, wherein adjacent layers are separated by internal electrodes, forming a first group and a second group of electrodes; applying a multiaxial pressure to the ferroelectric sample; reducing the bonding strength between each pair of adjacent ferroelectric layers and internal electrodes; and generating a first electric field between the first and second group of electrodes to pole each ferroelectric layer in a first poling direction.

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator comprising a stack of piezoelectric layers formed from a piezoelectric material, a plurality of internal electrodes disposed throughout the stack to define active regions of the piezoelectric material therebetween which are responsive to a voltage applied across two or more groups of the internal electrodes in use, an insulating arrangement which at least partially covers at least one surface of the stack to define a piezoelectric/insulator interface, and two or more side electrodes to connect with the two or more groups of the internal electrodes.