Abstract: An electronic device may include: a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first temperature when an object comes into contact with a contact surface of a main body of the electronic device; a second temperature sensor spaced apart from the first temperature sensor in a direction opposite the contact surface and configured to measure a second temperature; and a processor configured to detect a temperature change due to heat generation inside the main body, and estimate skin surface temperature based on the first temperature, the second temperature, and the temperature change.

Abstract: An electronic device may include: a first sensor configured to measure a skin temperature of skin of a user; a second sensor configured to measure heat flux transmitted from the skin to a main body of the electronic device; a third sensor configured to measure a heart rate of the user; and a processor configured to estimate a rate of core body temperature change based on the skin temperature measured at a first time and a second time, the heat flux, the heart rate, and the skin temperature.

Abstract: An electronic device may include: a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first temperature of a skin surface when a user comes into contact with a main body of the electronic device; a first heating element spaced apart from the first temperature sensor by a first predetermined distance; a second temperature sensor spaced apart from the first heating element by a second predetermined distance and configured to measure a second temperature inside the main body; and a processor configured to: estimate heat flux based on the first temperature and the second temperature; estimate a blood perfusion rate of the user based on a temperature of the first heating element and the first temperature, and estimate a core body temperature of a user based on the first temperature, the estimated heat flux, and the estimated blood perfusion rate.

Abstract: An automobile spider wheel is made of aluminum alloys and has an outer face layer made of stainless steel. A process for manufacturing the automobile spider wheel includes working the stainless steel insert by a known press process based on side face shapes of an automobile wheel. Joining faces of the insert are treated roughly by sanding or brushing for joining with melted aluminum alloys. Protrusions are fixed on the joining faces of the insert in positions corresponding to rim support faces of the insert. The stainless steel insert is inserted in surface-to-surface relationship with a surface of a lower mold of a molding device with the protrusions projecting upwardly. The stainless steel insert is integrally molded-to the melted alloys to form the wheel by a known die casting process after closing the molding device.

Abstract: An automobile spider wheel is made of aluminum alloys and has an outer face layer made of stainless steel. A process for manufacturing the automobile spider wheel includes working the stainless steel insert by a known press process based on side face shapes of an automobile wheel. Joining faces of the insert are treated roughly by sanding or brushing for joining with melted aluminum alloys. Protrusions are fixed on the joining faces of the insert in positions corresponding to rim support faces of the insert. The stainless steel insert is inserted in surface-to-surface relationship with a surface of a lower mold of a molding device with the protrusions projecting upwardly. The stainless steel insert is integrally molded to the melted alloys to form the wheel by a known die casting process after closing the molding device.