Abstract: Biocidal preservatives for use especially in preventing rotting and deterioration of wood include quaternary ammonium compounds which preferably have a fatty aliphatic substituent on the quaternary nitrogen atom. Especially preferred are cocoalkyl substituents. Other substituents can include alkoxy groups, arenes, and heterocyclic groups with or without ring substitutions, for example. The quaternary ammonium compound can also contain an amine nitrogen and can be complexed with copper.

Abstract: Aryloxyaluminoxanes containing the unit ##STR1## where R is unsubstituted or substituted aryl, such as phenyl or naphthyl, are useful as a cocatalysts in Ziegler-Natta and Kaminsky-type olefin polymerization catalysts. They can be formed by reaction of a source of water with an organoaluminum compound containing the desired aryloxy moiety or by reaction of preformed aluminoxane with an organic compound, such as a phenol, containing such a moiety.

Abstract: Polysaccharide acid amide compositions are disclosed which contains one extra carbon atom as compared to the polysaccharide and which comprises an acid amide of the formula --C(O)N(R)(R') where R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from about one to about four carbon atoms and R' is fatty alkyl of no less than about eight carbon atoms. Disaccharides such as lactose or maltose are preferred. These polysaccharide acid amides are formed by reacting the polysaccharide with a cyanide source, for example, an alkali metal cyanide, such as sodium cyanide, in the presence of an amine reagent containing a fatty alkyl group, such as one which comprises a ammonium ion of the formula H.sub.2 N(R)(R') where R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from about one to about four carbon atoms and R' is fatty alkyl of no less than about eight carbon atoms.

Abstract: Aryloxyaluminoxanes containing the unit ##STR1## where R is unsubstituted or substituted aryl, such as phenyl or naphthyl, are useful as a cocatalysts in Ziegler-Natta and Kaminsky-type olefin polymerization catalysts. They can be formed by reaction of a source of water with an organoaluminum compound containing the desired aryloxy moiety or by reaction of preformed aluminoxane with an organic compound, such as a phenol, containing such a moiety.

Abstract: The formation of dialkyl phosphorodithioic acids by reacting phosphorus pentasulfide with an alcohol is catalyzed by using an organosulfur halide catalyst for the reaction. Representative classes of organosulfur halide catalysts include the sulfonium halides, the sulfoxonium halides, and polymeric sulfur halide materials.

Abstract: An improved method for the synthesis of omega-unsaturated carboxylic acids is disclosed which precludes double bond migration or hydrogenation in order to prepare a high purity product necessary for high resolution in forming a resist by electron beam microlithography. This result can be obtained by a coupling reaction between a Grignard reagent of an unsaturated organochloride compound as defined in the application with a halo magnesium salt of a long chain organic acid.

Abstract: A process for purifying a reaction mixture comprising a phosphorodithioic acid ester of dichloro-para-dioxane prepared by reacting an O,O-dialkyl phosphorodithioic acid with a dichloro-para-dioxane in the presence of a catalytic amount of a Lewis acid. This process comprises washing the reaction mixture with an ammonium hydroxide solution, and preferably with an ammonium hydroxide solution containing ammonium chloride.

Abstract: A sulfonic acid is reduced to a thiol by heating the acid under carbon monoxide pressure in the presence of a rhodium carbonyl catalyst.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for the racemization of amino acids and derivatives thereof. The racemization process of the present invention uses an aromatic aldehyde-containing polymer made from the reaction of a hydroxyaromatic aldehyde with a chloromethylated vinylbenzene polymer under reaction conditions to form an aromatic aldehyde-containing polymer wherein the aldehydic moiety is linked to the polymer through an ether linkage. There is also disclosed a process for the production of the racemization catalyst. Another embodiment of the invention comprises a process for the promotion of the racemization reaction wherein a tertiary amine-containing resin is used as a promoting agent.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for the racemization of amino acids and derivatives thereof. The racemization process of the present invention uses an aromatic aldehyde-containing polymer made from the reaction of a hydroxy-aromatic aldehyde with a chloromethylated vinylbenzene polymer under reaction conditions to form an aromatic aldehyde-containing polymer wherein the aldehydic moiety is linked to the polymer through an ether linkage. There is also disclosed a process for the production of the racemization catalyst. Another embodiment of the invention comprises a process for the promotion of the racemization reaction wherein a tertiary amine-containing resin is used as a promoting agent.

Abstract: There is disclosed a number of processes for the promotion of the Raney Nickel catalyzed hydrogenation of carbon-carbon double bonds. (a) One process uses tertiary amines to promote the Raney Nickel catalyzed hydrogenation. (b) Another process uses acetylene and acetylene derivatives to promote the Raney Nickel catalyzed hydrogenation. The promotion of Raney Nickel catalyst is particularly suited for the reduction of unsaturated hydantoins to saturated hydantoins and also for the reduction of cyclic and acyclic olefins and diolefins to the corresponding cyclic and acyclic alkanes.

Abstract: The reaction of amino acids and a haloalkylphosphonic acid to form the corresponding phosphonoalkylated amino acid is promoted by use of a catalytically effective amount of a polyamine catalyst which contains a sufficiently high concentration of amine nitrogen atoms to promote the reaction.

Abstract: Unsaturated hydantoins are reduced to the corresponding saturated hydantoin by carrying out the hydrogenation reaction using a nickel catalyst in the presence of more than a stoichiometric amount of caustic. Use of this process allows for almost complete hydrogenation in short reaction times and also allows the reaction to be done using aqueous solvents and low levels of catalyst.Frothing or foaming of the hydrogenation reaction mixture at elevated concentrations of hydantoin is overcome by incremental addition of hydantoin to the hydrogenation reaction mixture.

Abstract: Amino acids can be easily prepared by reducing unsaturated hydantoins to the corresponding saturated hydantoins by hydrogenating the unsaturated hydantoin using either Raney Nickel catalyst in the presence of more than a stoichiometric amount of caustic or by using zinc and hydrochloric acid followed by hydrolyzing the resultant composition with at least 3 molar equivalents of an alkali metal hydroxide to produce a racemate of an alpha amino acid. The amino acid in suitable derivative form can then be resolved particularly using a two-phase solvent system. The residual isomer of the amino acid remaining after the resolution process can then be racemized using either pyridoxal-5-phosphate or an aliphatic acid in combination with an aldehyde or a ketone. By these procedures, it is possible to obtain high yields of amino acids.

Abstract: The invention is directed to the one-step hydrogenation/esterification of arylmethyleneoxyaryloxy alkanoic acids to produce (hydroxyphenoxy) carboxylates. The process comprises the hydrogenation and esterification of the aryloxy alkanoic acid in the presence of a palladium hydrogenation catalyst and an acidic esterification catalyst preferably utilizing the alcohol for the esterification as the hydrogenation solvent. The acid serves the dual role of hydrogenation promoter and esterification catalyst.

Abstract: Alkylidene or arylidene substituted hydantoins are produced by condensation of an aromatic or aliphatic aldehyde with hydantoin in the presence of at least one basic salt of an inorganic acid. The desired products are obtained in high yields.

Abstract: Triarylphosphates are prepared by phosphorylation of alkylphenols without use of phosphorylation catalyst. An improved phosphorylation step includes preheating alkylphenol feedstock to 150.degree. C. and completing reaction at 215.degree. C. or above in the presence of a stoichiometric excess of alkylphenol. The absence of phosphorylation catalyst simplifies distillative purification of reaction product by eliminating the need to withdraw purified product as distillate.

Abstract: A method of recovering phosphate esters from the by-product residues derived from phosphate ester production is disclosed. The method comprises extracting the phosphate esters from the residue utilizing a hydrocarbon solvent.

Abstract: The invention is a method of increasing the yield of chloromethylthiophene produced by the addition of concentrated aqueous formaldehyde solution to a mixture of thiophene and concentrated hydrochloric acid and passing in a rapid stream of gaseous hydrogen chloride. The improvement comprises increasing the rate of addition of the gaseous hydrogen chloride from about 0.6 moles per mole of thiophene per hour to about 1.5 moles per mole of thiophene per hour to increase product yield.

Abstract: Tertiary-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate esters in which the nominal molar ratio of tertiary-butyl radicals to phenyl radicals ranges from about 1:5 to about 1:2, the meta-tertiary-butylphenyl content ranges from about 25% to about 100 % and the ortho-tertiary-butylphenyl content is less than about 50% are highly effective plasticizers for vinyl chloride polymer compositions.