Abstract: An ultrasonic surgical device is disclosed including a surgical tool including a proximal transducer mounting portion defining a surface, a distal end effector end, and a waveguide disposed therebetween, the waveguide extending along a longitudinal axis. The ultrasonic surgical device further includes a transducer is in mechanical communication with the surface of the transducer mounting portion. The transducer is configured to operate in a D31 mode with respect to the longitudinal axis of the waveguide. Upon activation by an electrical signal having a predetermined frequency component, the transducer is configured to induce a standing wave in the surgical tool to cause the end effector to vibrate, the standing wave having a wavelength proportional to the predetermined frequency component of the electrical signal.

Abstract: To minimize secondary losses and flow maldistribution, an aerofoil such as a gas turbine nozzle guide vane, is designed so that in the throat defined by the trailing edge of one aerofoil and the flank of the adjacent aerofoil, the local gas flow streamlines are normal to the trailing edge of the aerofoil at the point of intersection.