Abstract: Various optimizing techniques are used for erasing semiconductor electrically erasable programmable read only memories (EEPROM). An erase algorithm accomplishes erasing of a group of memory cells by application of incremental erase pulses. Techniques include a 2-phase verification process interleaving between pulse applications; special handling of a sample of cells within each erasable unit group; defects handling; adaptive initial erasing voltages; and single-and hybrid-phase algorithms with sector to sector estimation of erase characteristics by table lookup. Techniques are also employed for controlling the uniformity of program/erase cycling of cells in each erasable unit group. Defects handling includes an adaptive data encoding scheme.