Abstract: A peptide is disclosed of the general structure: Z—W—Y, wherein Z and Y are independently a one to eight amino acid sequence wherein the amino acids are selected from glycine and alanine and W is a non-hydrolyzable pHis analogue. Such peptides can be used to produce sequence-independent anti-phosphohistidine antibodies. Also provided are antibodies that specifically bind to a peptide comprising a phosphohistidine (or a non-hydrolyzable pHis analogue) but fail to specifically bind to an identical peptide containing histidine instead of phosphohistidine.

Abstract: Isolated monoclonal antibodies and or antigen binding fragments thereof are disclosed herein that specifically bind polypeptides comprising a histidine phosphorylated at N3 (3-pHis). Nucleic acids encoding these antibodies, vectors including these nucleic acids, and host cells transformed with these vectors and nucleic acids are also disclosed. Methods are also disclosed for using these antibodies, such as for detection of polypeptides comprising a histidine phosphorylated at N3 (3-pHis). In some embodiments, the methods can be used to investigate signal transduction pathways.

Abstract: Isolated monoclonal antibodies and or antigen binding fragments thereof are disclosed herein that specifically bind polypeptides comprising a histidine phosphorylated at N3 (3-pHis). Nucleic acids encoding these antibodies, vectors including these nucleic acids, and host cells transformed with these vectors and nucleic acids are also disclosed. Methods are also disclosed for using these antibodies, such as for detection of polypeptides comprising a histidine phosphorylated at N3 (3-pHis). In some embodiments, the methods can be used to investigate signal transduction pathways.

Abstract: Isolated monoclonal antibodies and antigen binding fragments are disclosed herein that specifically bind polypeptides comprising a histidine phosphorylated at N3 (3-pHis). Nucleic acids encoding these antibodies, vectors including these nucleic acids, and host cells transformed with these vectors and nucleic acids are also disclosed. Methods are also disclosed for using these antibodies, such as for detection of polypeptides comprising a histidine phosphorylated at N3 (3-pHis), detection of a tumor, monitoring the effectiveness of therapeutic agent, and identifying antibiotics. In some embodiments, the methods can be used to investigate signal transduction pathways.

Abstract: A peptide is disclosed of the general structure: Z—W—Y, wherein Z and Y are independently a one to eight amino acid sequence wherein the amino acids are selected from glycine and alanine and W is a non-hydrolyzable pHis analogue. Such peptides can be used to produce sequence-independent anti-phosphohistidine antibodies. Also provided are antibodies that specifically bind to a peptide comprising a phosphohistidine (or a non-hydrolyzable pHis analogue) but fail to specifically bind to an identical peptide containing histidine instead of phosphohistidine.

Abstract: A peptide is disclosed of the general structure: Z—W—Y, wherein Z and Y are independently a one to eight amino acid sequence wherein the amino acids are selected from glycine and alanine and W is a non-hydrolyzable pHis analogue. Such peptides can be used to produce sequence-independent anti-phosphohistidine antibodies. Also provided are antibodies that specifically bind to a peptide comprising a phosphohistidine (or a non-hydrolyzable pHis analogue) but fail to specifically bind to an identical peptide containing histidine instead of phosphohistidine.

Abstract: A cellulosic ethanol production process. Implementations may include providing a raw cellulose stream by mixing a waste cellulose feed and an algae cellulose feed and hydrolyzing the raw cellulose stream to form a hydrolyzed cellulose stream by reacting the raw cellulose stream with one or more fungi from the phylum Neocallimastigomycota. Implementations may include liquefying the hydrolyzed cellulose stream to form a raw sugars stream, separating xylitol from the raw sugars stream and fermenting the sugars stream to form a raw ethanol stream by reacting the sugars stream with a yeast feed in at least one fermenter. Implementations also may include separating ethanol from the raw ethanol, generating an algae stream by reacting the xylitol stream with algae in at least one algae bioreactor, and reacting the algae stream in at least one biodiesel reactor to produce the algae cellulose feed and a biodiesel stream.

Abstract: An audio distributor includes a rotor disc rotatably supported by a stationary base. The rotor disc includes a shaft extending within the stationary housing and supporting at least one light emitting diode. Each light emitting diode supported on the shaft is positioned to operably interact with a plurality of photo resistors. Each photo resistor is connected between an input port and an output port for controlling the transfer of the audio signal from the input port to one of a plurality of output ports based on the level of light sensed by the corresponding plurality of photo resistors connected to the circuit for operably receiving the light emitted from the diode supported by the shaft.