Abstract: The present disclosure relates to optical phase modulation devices. The optical phase modulation devices may include a heater resistance which induces a phase change and control systems and methods of controlling the induced phase change.

Abstract: A computer implemented method and a computer system implementing the method provide enterprises with pre-emptive/proactive operational risk management. First, historical data on the occurrence of operational risk events and other internal business/external metrics and indicators are collected. This is followed by construction of a model for correlating the risk events with internal and external metrics and indicators. This can result in the estimation of the probability of occurrence of risk events and a model for the severity of a loss event (in termns of, say, dollar amount) as a function of the various variables that are related to or have leverage on the business operation. The Key Risk Indicators for the business are then identified based on the model. Following this, the identified key risk factors are forecasted for future time periods and used to identify early warnings of risk and is further validated.