Abstract: Disclosed is a switch module (123) for connecting a load (120) to an ac supply (131), comprising an electromechanical switch (107) for (a) connecting, in response to a mechanical ON signal (108) the ac supply to a load, (b) disconnecting, in response to an electrical OFF signal (132) the ac supply from the load; wherein electrical power is not required to maintain the latched open state or the latched closed state, the switch module further comprising a solid state switch (117) in series with the electromechanical switch, a control module (112) for periodically driving the solid state switch from an on state to an off state during part of an ac cycle, and a storage device (115) to receive power from a voltage (118) developed across the solid state switch, for driving the solid state switch, and to provide the electrical OFF signal to the electromechanical switch.

Abstract: An apparatus, system, and method are disclosed for real-time diagnosis of a NOx-adsorption catalyst (NAC). The method includes verifying that a NAC temperature exceeds a threshold, determining that the NAC is in a steady-state operating condition, and surveying a first oxygen sensor upstream of the NAC and a second oxygen sensor downstream of the NAC. The method further includes calculating a lambda difference between the first and second oxygen sensors, and interpreting a NAC regeneration indicator. The method further includes determining a lean-to-rich transition and a rich-to-lean transition area based on the lambda difference and the regeneration indicator. The method concludes with setting a NAC function indicator according to the lean-to-rich transition area and the rich-to-lean transition area.

Abstract: An enantioselective route to compounds of formula I is disclosed: The compounds of formula I are key intermediates in the synthesis of compounds useful in treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract: An identification card contains retrievable identification data in at least two formats. One format comprises a magnetic material that stores magnetically encoded data. Another format comprises electronic circuitry that stores electronically encoded data. The magnetically encoded data on the card may be retrieved by inserting the identification card into a reader having magnetic sensors. The electronically encoded data on the card may be transmitted from the card as a radio frequency signal that incorporates the data, to a remote sensor that receives and processes the radio frequency, data encoded signal. A structure for the identification card comprising these two data storage formats as well as a method of producing such an identification card is described.