Abstract: An aspect of the present disclosure is a method that includes depositing an ink as a liquid strand onto a substrate, transforming the liquid strand to a precursor strand, converting at least a portion of the precursor strand to a nanowire that includes a first metal, and coating the nanowire with a second metal to form a core-shell nanowire having a core and a shell, where at least a portion of the transforming occurs during the depositing, and the core includes the nanowire and the shell includes the second metal.

Abstract: The fluid supply apparatus includes a plurality of supply lines (308), each line having an outlet control device (328) configurable to either allow or prevent fluid in the line flowing to a shared outlet conduit (326). A controller (332) sets the outlet control devices of one or more of the plurality of supply lines in accordance with the output of a monitoring device (336), which monitors the concentration of cleaning fluid passing through the outlet conduit, to control the fluid delivered by the delivery device and the one or more outlet control devices.