Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method of detecting a magnetization signal of a physically unclonable functions (PUF) device including acquiring, by a magnetization signal detection sensor, an image of a magnetic layer of the PUF device including the magnetic layer having a perpendicular magnetization component and identifying a magnetization state of the magnetic layer from the image of the magnetic layer acquired by the magnetization signal detection sensor, and according to the present disclosure, it is possible to more efficiently check the magnetization signal of the PUF device and acquire a random unique ID according to magnetization.

Abstract: An embodiment magnetic memory device based on perpendicular exchange bias includes a non-magnetic layer, a ferromagnetic layer bonded on the non-magnetic layer, wherein a magnetization direction of the ferromagnetic layer is randomly distributed, and an anti-ferromagnetic layer bonded on the ferromagnetic layer. An embodiment method of manufacturing a magnetic memory device includes preparing the magnetic memory device based on perpendicular exchange bias, the preparing including bonding a ferromagnetic layer on a non-magnetic layer and bonding an anti-ferromagnetic layer on the ferromagnetic layer, and demagnetizing the ferromagnetic layer of the magnetic memory device, wherein a magnetization direction of the ferromagnetic layer is randomly distributed.

Abstract: An embodiment spin-orbit torque device array includes a plurality of single devices, each device including a non-magnetic layer, a magnetic layer bonded to the non-magnetic layer, and an upper layer bonded to the magnetic layer, wherein the upper layer includes oxide, and wherein a magnetization state of each of the single devices has only two states, the two states being an up state and a down state.

Abstract: A spin-orbit-torque (SOT)-based magnetic sensor is provided. The magnetic sensor includes a substrate, an electrode layer formed on the substrate, and a pair of first and second sensing elements stacked on the substrate so as to be connected to the electrode layer, wherein directions of respective currents flowing through the first and second sensing elements via the electrode layer are opposite to each other.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor using a spin-orbit torque (SOT) and a sensing method using the same, include an SOT channel layer made of a heavy metal material, a ferromagnetic layer stacked on the SOT channel layer, and a protective layer stacked on the ferromagnetic layer, wherein an SOT is generated due to a current applied to the SOT channel layer to vary magnetization of the ferromagnetic layer, and the magnetic sensor which utilizes an SOT with a fast response speed and high sensitivity using a simplified metal thin film structure in which the SOT is generated is provided.

Abstract: A weight confirmation method for analog synaptic devices of an artificial neural network includes: learning artificial neural network hardware based on artificial analog memory devices using an artificial neural network learning algorithm; after the learning of the artificial neural network hardware, reading a total weight of a pair of synaptic devices; comparing the total weight of the pair of synaptic devices with 0; applying weights to a positive synaptic device and a negative synaptic device of the pair of synaptic devices, respectively; and confirming the total weight of the pair of synaptic devices in accordance with the weight of the positive synaptic device and the weight of the negative synaptic device. A retention problem of analog synaptic devices is overcome and thus the artificial neural network may stably operate.

Abstract: A three-terminal synaptic device includes a substrate; a source electrode and a drain electrode which are provided on the substrate and spaced apart from each other. The three-terminal synaptic device further includes: a channel layer provided on the substrate, the source electrode, and the drain electrode; an ion reservoir layer which stores active ions; a gate electrode provided on the ion reservoir layer; and an ion barrier layer disposed between the ion reservoir layer. In particular, the channel layer controls movement of active ions between the ion reservoir layer and the channel layer. The three-terminal synaptic device inhibits rapid movement of ions.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a spin-orbit torque device including a lower ferromagnetic layer, a non-magnetic layer bonded to the lower ferromagnetic layer, and an upper ferromagnetic layer bonded to the non-magnetic layer, wherein a magnetization orientation of the lower ferromagnetic layer is randomly distributed. According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a magnetic memory device which cannot be physically duplicated and has reconfigurability using a spin-orbit torque.

Abstract: A neuromorphic hardware apparatus based on a resistive memory array includes a resistive memory array in which a plurality of synaptic resistor elements are arranged. Each synaptic resistor element is changed in its resistance value depending on a voltage pulse applied thereto and stores the resistance value for a predetermined time. The apparatus also includes a neuron circuit configured to receive an output signal from the resistive memory array and to output a voltage signal to another resistive memory array. The neuron circuit includes a temperature compensation unit, which compensates for an output voltage of the resistive memory array on the basis of an operating temperature of the resistive memory array. Even when a resistive memory array outputs an abnormal output depending on an operating temperature, by compensating a neuron circuit for an input value, it is possible to prevent an operation error from occurring.

Abstract: A device for generating a digital random encryption key includes an input unit adding a non-volatile active element for overcoming a limit of a passive element when generating an encryption key, applying a random passive filter, and inputting an analog voltage signal to an encryption key generator, an encryption key generator including a non-volatile active element and a passive filter, connected to the input unit through a connection substrate, and generating a random encryption key from an entropy source, and a converter for converting a signal generated by the encryption key generator into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal is provided, thereby improving robustness of security compared to the case of applying the general passive element, allowing regeneration or random generation, and generating an excellent encryption key working excellently for physical reverse engineering violations.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a thermoelectric module sheet that includes a base substrate, a plurality of thermoelectric elements laminated on a surface of the base substrate, and a plurality of electrodes, each of which is laminated on at least one surface of at least one of the plurality of thermoelectric elements to electrically connect the plurality of thermoelectric elements by a predetermined connecting method.

Abstract: A fuel cell separator includes a metal substrate having a surface; an ion penetration layer including carbon diffusion-inhibiting ions extending from the surface of the metal substrate into the metal substrate; and a carbon coating layer disposed on the surface of the metal substrate.

Abstract: A separator for a fuel cell includes: a metal base material; and a carbon coating layer formed on one surface or both surfaces of the metal base material, in which roughness Ra formed at an interface between the metal base material and the carbon coating layer may be in a range of 20 to 78 nm.

Abstract: Disclosed are a manufacturing method for a porous thermal insulation coating layer, a porous thermal insulation coating layer with substantially reduced thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity and an internal combustion engine including the porous thermal insulation coating layer thereby having excellent durability.

Abstract: Disclosed are a manufacturing method for a porous thermal insulation coating layer, a porous thermal insulation coating layer with substantially reduced thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity and an internal combustion engine including the porous thermal insulation coating layer thereby having excellent durability.

Abstract: A thermoelectric nanocomposite is provided. The thermoelectric nanocomposite includes: a matrix having n-type semiconductor characteristics and comprising Mg, Si, Al, and Bi components, and a nanoinclusion comprising Bi and Mg components. The thermoelectric nanocomposite has significantly increased thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency by simultaneously having an increased Seebeck coefficient and a decreased thermal conductivity, such that the thermoelectric nanocomposite is usefully used to implement a thermoelectric device having high efficiency.

Abstract: A fuel cell separator includes a metal substrate having a surface; an ion penetration layer including carbon diffusion-inhibiting ions extending from the surface of the metal substrate into the metal substrate; and a carbon coating layer disposed on the surface of the metal substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed are a coating layer including pores for thermal insulation and a method of preparing the same. As such, the coating layer may secure low thermal conductivity, low volume heat capacity and improved durability, such that the coating layer can be applied to an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A thermoelectric generator system of an engine is provided and includes an insulating heat protective cover that is mounted within an engine. Additionally, a unit is disposed at an upper end of the heat protective cover to uniformly distribute heat energy to use the heat protective cover mounted at an upper end of an exhaust manifold of the engine to protect a wiring from exhaust heat. Accordingly, heat energy discarded from the exhaust manifold is absorbed to generate electricity using the waste heat discarded from the exhaust manifold without affecting the catalyst to improve the fuel efficiency of the internal combustion engine. Further, heat is transferred by conduction at a particular temperature or greater and heat is transferred by radiation and convection at a temperature less than the particular temperature to increase the efficiency.

Abstract: A fuel cell separator includes a metal substrate having a surface; an ion penetration layer including carbon diffusion-inhibiting ions extending from the surface of the metal substrate into the metal substrate; and a carbon coating layer disposed on the surface of the metal substrate.