Abstract: Technologies are generally described for forming graphene and structures including graphene. In an example, a system effective to form graphene may include a chamber adapted to receive graphite oxide. The system may also include a source of an inert gas and a source of hydrogen, which may both be configured in communication with the chamber. A processor may be configured in communication with the chamber, the inert gas source and/or the hydrogen source. The processor may be further configured to control the flow of the inert gas from the first source through the chamber under first sufficient reaction conditions to remove at least some oxygen from the atmosphere of the chamber. The processor may also be configured to control the flow of the hydrogen from the second source to the graphite oxide in the chamber under second sufficient reaction conditions to form graphene from the graphite oxide.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described for forming a nanofluid coolant and structures including a nanofluid coolant. In an example, a method of forming a nanofluid coolant may comprise combining a compound with an acid and with purified water to form a solution. The compound may include manganese. The method may further include heating the solution and, after heating the solution, cooling the solution effective to form at least one precipitate that includes manganese and oxygen. The method may further include filtering the at least one precipitate to form a powder that includes manganese oxide nanotubes. The method may further include functionalizing the nanotubes by irradiating them with UV radiation. The method may further include combining the functionalized manganese oxide nanotubes with a polar solvent to form the nanofluid coolant.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described related to the design, manufacture and/or use of electrodes, capacitors, or any other similar component. In an example, a system effective to form a component may include a container effective to receive graphite nanoplatelets and effective to receive ruthenium chloride. The system may include a coating device in communication with the container. The system may further include a processor arranged in communication with the container and the coating device. The processor may be configured to control the container effective to combine the ruthenium chloride with the graphite nanoplatelets under reaction conditions sufficient to form a ruthenium oxide graphite nanoplatelets nanocomposite. The processor may further be configured to control the coaling device effective to coat a support with the ruthenium oxide graphite nanoplatelets nanocomposite.

Abstract: Methods of forming metal nanoparticle decorated carbon nanotubes are provided. The methods include mixing a metal precursor with a plurality of carbon nanotubes to form a metal precursor-carbon nanotubes mixture. The methods also include exposing the metal precursor-carbon nanotubes mixture to electromagnetic radiation to deposit metal nanoparticles on a major surface of the carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: Methods of forming metal nanoparticle decorated carbon nanotubes are provided. The methods include mixing a metal precursor with a plurality of carbon nanotubes to form a metal precursor-carbon nanotubes mixture. The methods also include exposing the metal precursor-carbon nanotubes mixture to electromagnetic radiation to deposit metal nanoparticles on a major surface of the carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: Nanocomposite adsorbent materials and methods for their preparation and use are described. As an example, a polyaniline-graphite nanoplatelet nanocomposite may be used to adsorb carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Nanocomposite adsorbent materials and methods for their preparation and use are described. As an example, a polyaniline-graphite nanoplatelet nanocomposite may be used to adsorb carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Methods of forming a metal nanoparticle-graphene composite are provided. The methods include providing a functionalized hydrogen exfoliated wrinkled graphene (f-HEG) substrate and dispersing metal nanoparticles on a first major surface of the f-HEG substrate to form the metal nanoparticle-graphene composite.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described for forming a nanofluid coolant and structures including a nanofluid coolant. In an example, a method of forming a nanofluid coolant may comprise combining a compound with an acid and with purified water to form a solution. The compound may include manganese. The method may further include heating the solution and, after heating the solution, cooling the solution effective to form at least one precipitate that includes manganese and oxygen. The method may further include filtering the at least one precipitate to form a powder that includes manganese oxide nanotubes. The method may further include functionalizing the nanotubes by irradiating them with UV radiation. The method may further include combining the functionalized manganese oxide nanotubes with a polar solvent to form the nanofluid coolant.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described related to the design, manufacture and/or use of electrodes, capacitors, or any other similar component. In an example, a system effective to form a component may include a container effective to receive graphite nanoplatelets and effective to receive ruthenium chloride. The system may include a coating device in communication with the container. The system may further include a processor arranged in communication with the container and the coating device. The processor may be configured to control the container effective to combine the ruthenium chloride with the graphite nanoplatelets under reaction conditions sufficient to form a ruthenium oxide graphite nanoplatelets nanocomposite. The processor may further be configured to control the coaling device effective to coat a support with the ruthenium oxide graphite nanoplatelets nanocomposite.

Abstract: Nanocomposite adsorbent materials and methods for their preparation and use are described. As an example, a polyaniline-graphite nanoplatelet nanocomposite may be used to adsorb carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described for forming graphene and structures including graphene. In an example, a system effective to form graphene may include a chamber adapted to receive graphite oxide. The system may also include a source of an inert gas and a source of hydrogen, which may both be configured in communication with the chamber. A processor may be configured in communication with the chamber, the inert gas source and/or the hydrogen source. The processor may be further configured to control the flow of the inert gas from the first source through the chamber under first sufficient reaction conditions to remove at least some oxygen from the atmosphere of the chamber. The processor may also be configured to control the flow of the hydrogen from the second source to the graphite oxide in the chamber under second sufficient reaction conditions to form graphene from the graphite oxide.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described for method and apparatus for separating ions, such as arsenic, from a fluid, such as water. The apparatus includes a capacitor. The capacitor includes a material having a nanoscale porous structure, such as a plurality of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and metal oxide nanoparticles, such as magnetite, disposed over the nanoscale porous structure. A portable water purifier employing the capacitor can effectively remove ions from water with a low voltage applied to the capacitor.

Abstract: The embodiments herein relate to a conduit comprising an insulating material in a form of a tube having an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface having carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: Compositions include a multi-walled nanotube including metal nanoparticles. The metal nanoparticles are bound to the multi-walled nanotube through functional groups on a surface of the multi-walled nanotube.

Abstract: Disclosed are nanocomposite-based biosensors. The biosensors include an electrode, a nanocomposite over the surface of the electrode, the nanocomposite comprising a population of carbon nanotubes and a population of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in the population of carbon nanotubes, wherein the magnetic nanoparticles comprise a ferromagnetic metal or compound thereof, and one or more biomolecules over the surface of the electrode, wherein the biomolecules are capable of undergoing a redox reaction with a target molecule. Also disclosed are nanocomposites, modified electrodes, kits, and methods for using the biosensors.