Abstract: A scanning probe microscope and method for resonance-enhanced detection using the scanning probe microscope uses a light source that is modulated in a range of frequencies to irradiate an interface between a probe tip of the microscope and a sample with modulated electromagnetic radiation from the light source. The vibrational response of the driven cantilever in response to the modulated electromagnetic radiation at the interface between the probe tip and the sample is then detected. The amplitude of the vibrational response of the cantilever over the entire range of modulation frequencies is measured to derive a photo-induced force microscope (PiFM) value.

Abstract: A scanning probe microscope and method for resonance-enhanced detection using the scanning probe microscope uses a light source that is modulated in a range of frequencies to irradiate an interface between a probe tip of the microscope and a sample with modulated electromagnetic radiation from the light source. The vibrational response of the driven cantilever in response to the modulated electromagnetic radiation at the interface between the probe tip and the sample is then detected. The amplitude of the vibrational response of the cantilever over the entire range of modulation frequencies is measured to derive a photo-induced force microscope (PiFM) value.

Abstract: A scanning probe microscope and method of operating the microscope uses a resonant material between a metallic probe tip and a surface of a sample with at least one material having a dielectric constant ?. When electromagnetic radiation from a light source is transmitted to an interface between the metallic probe tip and the sample, absorption of the electromagnetic radiation by the resonant sensor material that is dependent on the dielectric constant of the at least one material of the sample is detected.

Abstract: A scanning probe microscope and method of operating the microscope uses a resonant material between a metallic probe tip and a surface of a sample with at least one material having a dielectric constant ?. When electromagnetic radiation from a light source is transmitted to an interface between the metallic probe tip and the sample, absorption of the electromagnetic radiation by the resonant sensor material that is dependent on the dielectric constant of the at least one material of the sample is detected.

Abstract: Methods for determining paths that satisfy a reliability requirement are generally described herein. The methods may include receiving path information. A reliability requirement is established, and paths that satisfy the reliability requirement are determined. Each path comprises nodes. Configuration of the nodes of the paths according to the reliability requirement is facilitated. A code rate may be determined that corresponds to the reliability requirement. The code rate may indicate network coding to be performed by least a subset of the nodes. The method may also include sending the code rate to the nodes of the paths.

Abstract: In one aspect, a method includes scheduling network communications in a network comprising nodes connected by links, receiving at a first node updated bandwidth values from the other nodes, determining a cluster coefficient based on a number of one-hop neighbors of the first node and a number of neighbors N-hops and less of the first node, adjusting the cluster coefficient to form an adjusted cluster coefficient and determining a wait period based on the adjusted cluster coefficient. The method also includes implementing the updated bandwidth values received to determine updated node weight values of the other nodes after the wait period has expired.

Abstract: In one aspect, a method to multicast in a network includes determining using a processor a least amount of relay nodes for use in multicasting a message to nodes in the network by using a neighbor matrix of a source node used in Node Activation Multiple Access (NAMA) scheduling. The method may include designating a one-hop neighbor that exclusively accesses the two-hop neighbor of the source node as a relay node. The method may also include designating a one-hop neighbor of the source node with accessibility to a maximum number of two-hop neighbors of the source node as a relay node.

Abstract: In one aspect, a sub-packet error correction method includes receiving a data packet, segregating the data packet into sub-packets, and encoding the sub-packets using an erasure code for transmission over a network, and receiving the encoded sub-packets, decoding the sub-packets, and combining the decoded sub-packets to reconstruct the data packet. In some embodiments, the data packet is received at a first proxy server for transmission over a lossy network, the encoded sub-packets received at a second proxy server over the lossy network.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, a method includes receiving path information. A reliability requirement is established, and paths that satisfy the reliability requirement are determined. Each path comprises nodes. Configuration of the nodes of the paths according to the reliability requirement is facilitated.

Abstract: In one aspect, a method includes receiving a packet at a first node, the first node comprising a processor, determining, at the first node, whether a destination node of the packet is within a zone of the first node, using, at the first node, an on-demand routing protocol to route data from the first node to the destination node if the destination node is outside the zone of the first node and using a network topology, stored at the first node, to route the packet from the first node to the destination node if the destination node is within the zone of the first node.

Abstract: In one aspect, a method includes scheduling network communications in a network comprising nodes connected by links, receiving at a first node updated bandwidth values from the other nodes, determining a cluster coefficient based on a number of one-hop neighbors of the first node and a number of neighbors N-hops and less of the first node, adjusting the cluster coefficient to form an adjusted cluster coefficient and determining a wait period based on the adjusted cluster coefficient. The method also includes implementing the updated bandwidth values received to determine updated node weight values of the other nodes after the wait period has expired.

Abstract: In one aspect, a method to multicast in a network includes determining using a processor a least amount of relay nodes for use in multicasting a message to nodes in the network by using a neighbor matrix of a source node used in Node Activation Multiple Access (NAMA) scheduling. The method may include designating a one-hop neighbor that exclusively accesses the two-hop neighbor of the source node as a relay node. The method may also include designating a one-hop neighbor of the source node with accessibility to a maximum number of two-hop neighbors of the source node as a relay node.

Abstract: This invention relates to a cooling construction of an outer unit in an air conditioner in which an inner unit for supplying a cooled air into a room and the outer unit for cooling down a heat generated from the air cooling, are integrated, comprising a housing having one pair of air discharge openings, each one opening being positioned on one of oppositely positioned sidewalls of the housing, a heat exchanger mounted in front of the housing, and drawing-in/discharging part for drawing-in an outside air into the housing through the heat exchanger and discharging the drawn-in air to outside of the housing through the one pair of the air discharge openings mounted on the housing corresponding to each air discharge openings.