Abstract: The present invention relates to an auxiliary precursor, a thin film precursor composition, a method of forming a thin film using the thin film precursor composition, and a semiconductor substrate fabricated using the method. The present invention provides the thin film precursor composition including a thin film precursor compound and a compound having a predetermined structure that exhibits reaction stability as the auxiliary precursor. By using the thin film precursor composition in a thin film deposition process, side reactions may be suppressed, and thin film growth rate may be appropriately controlled. In addition, since process by-products are removed from a thin film, even when a thin film is formed on a substrate having a complicated structure, step coverage and the thickness uniformity and resistivity characteristics of the thin film may be greatly improved.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating body temperature of an object is provided. The apparatus for estimating body temperature includes: a sensor configured to obtain spectra through a plurality of light paths of an object; and a processor configured to obtain a temperature slope between temperatures corresponding to the plurality of light paths based on the spectra of the plurality of light paths and a reference spectrum measured at a reference temperature, and estimate the body temperature of the object based on the temperature slope.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for estimating a target component, the apparatus including a temperature controller configured to modulate temperature of an object, a measurer configured to measure a spectrum for each temperature of the object that changes based on the modulation, and a processor configured to obtain effective optical pathlength vectors corresponding to a temperature change based on the spectrum for each temperature of the object, obtain a representative effective optical pathlength based on the obtained effective optical pathlength vectors, and obtain a target component estimation model based on the obtained representative effective optical pathlength.

Abstract: A Raman sensor includes a light source assembly having a plurality of light sources configured to emit light to a plurality of skin points of skin, each of the plurality of skin points having a predetermined separation distance from a light collection region of the skin from which Raman scattered light is collected; a light collector configured to collect the Raman scattered light from the light collection region of the skin; and a detector configured to detect the collected Raman scattered light.

Abstract: A spectrometer includes: a dispersive element configured to split light; a detector comprising a plurality of pixels configured to receive the split light; an optical mask disposed in an optical path of the light between the dispersive element and the detector and comprising a plurality of light transmitting portions and a plurality of light blocking portions which are arranged alternately; and a driver configured to control a position of the optical mask or a position of the detector, and change a light incident area of each of the plurality of pixels to receive the light incident on the plurality of light transmitting portions of the optical mask.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating body temperature of an object is provided. The apparatus for estimating body temperature includes: a sensor configured to obtain spectra through a plurality of light paths of an object; and a processor configured to obtain a temperature slope between temperatures corresponding to the plurality of light paths based on the spectra of the plurality of light paths and a reference spectrum measured at a reference temperature, and estimate the body temperature of the object based on the temperature slope.

Abstract: A spectrometer includes: a dispersive element configured to split light; a detector comprising a plurality of pixels configured to receive the split light; an optical mask disposed in an optical path of the light between the dispersive element and the detector and comprising a plurality of light transmitting portions and a plurality of light blocking portions which are arranged alternately; and a driver configured to control a position of the optical mask or a position of the detector, and change a light incident area of each of the plurality of pixels to receive the light incident on the plurality of light transmitting portions of the optical mask.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a bio-signal includes: a light source configured to emit light; an ultrasonic transducer configured to obtain a photoacoustic signal generated from an object; a photoacoustic coupler disposed in contact with the ultrasonic transducer and configured to direct the light transmitted from the light source to a scanner and to direct the photoacoustic signal generated from the object to the ultrasonic transducer; the scanner configured to reflect the light incident from the photoacoustic coupler to the object, and reflect the photoacoustic signal generated from the object to the photoacoustic coupler; a scanner controller configured to adjust a light incident position on the object by controlling the angle of the scanner; a light detector configured to obtain a light signal by detecting the light scattered or reflected from the object; and a processor configured to obtain bio-information based on the light signal and the photoacoustic signal.

Abstract: A apparatus for estimating concentration may include: a spectrum obtainer configured to obtain Raman spectra of an object; and a processor configured to extract, from the Raman spectra, at least one analyte spectrum related to an analyte and at least one non-analyte spectrum related to a biological component other than the analyte, and estimate concentration of the analyte based on a first area under a curve of the at least one analyte spectrum and a second area under a curve of the at least one non-analyte spectrum.

Abstract: A component analyzing apparatus is provided. The component analyzing apparatus includes: an impedance measurer including: a plurality of electrodes having an electrode width that is determined based on an effective measurement depth for analyzing a component of an analyte and a gap between two electrodes among the plurality of electrodes, and an electrode controller configured to apply a first current to a first electrode and a second electrode among the plurality of electrodes and configured to measure impedance based on a voltage between a third electrode and a fourth electrode; and a processor configured to analyze the component of the analyte based on the impedance measured by the electrode controller.

Abstract: A Raman sensor includes a light source assembly having a plurality of light sources configured to emit light to a plurality of skin points of skin, each of the plurality of skin points having a predetermined separation distance from a light collection region of the skin from which Raman scattered light is collected; a light collector configured to collect the Raman scattered light from the light collection region of the skin; and a detector configured to detect the collected Raman scattered light.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating body temperature of an object is provided. The apparatus for estimating body temperature includes: a sensor configured to obtain spectra through a plurality of light paths of an object; and a processor configured to obtain a temperature slope between temperatures corresponding to the plurality of light paths based on the spectra of the plurality of light paths and a reference spectrum measured at a reference temperature, and estimate the body temperature of the object based on the temperature slope.

Abstract: A Raman sensor includes a light source assembly having a plurality of light sources configured to emit light to a plurality of skin points of skin, each of the plurality of skin points having a predetermined separation distance from a light collection region of the skin from which Raman scattered light is collected; a light collector configured to collect the Raman scattered light from the light collection region of the skin; and a detector configured to detect the collected Raman scattered light.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for estimating a target component, the apparatus including a temperature controller configured to modulate temperature of an object, a measurer configured to measure a spectrum for each temperature of the object that changes based on the modulation, and a processor configured to obtain effective optical pathlength vectors corresponding to a temperature change based on the spectrum for each temperature of the object, obtain a representative effective optical pathlength based on the obtained effective optical pathlength vectors, and obtain a target component estimation model based on the obtained representative effective optical pathlength.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating body temperature of an object is provided. The apparatus for estimating body temperature includes: a sensor configured to obtain spectra through a plurality of light paths of an object; and a processor configured to obtain a temperature slope between temperatures corresponding to the plurality of light paths based on the spectra of the plurality of light paths and a reference spectrum measured at a reference temperature, and estimate the body temperature of the object based on the temperature slope.

Abstract: A method of calibrating an optical sensor may include acquiring a first characteristic for an external light source through a detector of an optical sensor while an internal light source of the optical sensor is turned off; driving the internal light source; acquiring a second characteristic for the internal light source and the external light source through the detector, based on driving the internal light source; and acquiring a reference characteristic of the internal light source, for calculation of an absorbance of an object, based on the first characteristic and the second characteristic.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for measuring particulate matter including an image obtaining device configured to charge particulate matter particles included in air that is introduced to the image obtaining device, and to obtain an image of the charged particulate matter particles based on lens-free imaging, a spectrum obtaining device configured to obtain a Raman spectrum of the charged particulate matter particles, and a processor configured to determine a size of the particulate matter particles and a concentration of the particulate matter particles based on the obtained image, and to determine components of the particulate matter particles based on the obtained Raman spectrum.

Abstract: A component analyzing apparatus is provided. The component analyzing apparatus includes: an impedance measurer including: a plurality of electrodes having an electrode width that is determined based on an effective measurement depth for analyzing a component of an analyte and a gap between two electrodes among the plurality of electrodes, and an electrode controller configured to apply a first current to a first electrode and a second electrode among the plurality of electrodes and configured to measure impedance based on a voltage between a third electrode and a fourth electrode; and a processor configured to analyze the component of the analyte based on the impedance measured by the electrode controller.

Abstract: A Raman sensor includes a light source assembly having a plurality of light sources configured to emit light to a plurality of skin points of skin, each of the plurality of skin points having a predetermined separation distance from a light collection region of the skin from which Raman scattered light is collected; a light collector configured to collect the Raman scattered light from the light collection region of the skin; and a detector configured to detect the collected Raman scattered light.

Abstract: The present specification relates to a method for manufacturing a polarizing plate and a polarizing plate. More particularly, the present specification relates to a method for manufacturing a polarizing plate locally having a depolarization region, and a polarizing plate.