Abstract: Additive manufacturing can include use of a laser-machining technique. Laser machining can be used to form cavities, trenches, or other features in an additively-manufactured structure. Spectroscopy can be performed to monitor a laser machining operation. For example, a laser-enhanced additive manufacturing process flow can include depositing a conductive layer on a surface of a dielectric layer, and conductively isolating a first region from a second region of the conductive layer using ablative optical energy, including applying ablative optical energy to the conductive layer, monitoring a spectrum of an ablative plume generated by applying the ablative optical energy, and controlling the ablative optical energy in response to a characteristic of the spectrum of the ablative plume.

Abstract: A multi-color cavity ringdown based spectrometer system is housed in a light tight enclosure to detect the presence of trace quantities of gas phase molecules emanating from a subject, explosives, drugs, or hazardous materials. A method is also disclosed for simultaneous real time detection of gas phase molecules emanating from explosives, drugs, hazardous materials, a subject's breath skin or bodily fluid.

Abstract: A body limb movement limiter restrains the movement of a person's arm so as to protect the person's shoulder or restrains the movement of a person's lower leg with respect to the upper leg so as to protect the person's knee. The device uses a housing having a reel disposed therein with a tether attached thereto and a shear thickening non-Newtonian fluid disposed within the housing so that the fluid acts on the reel during a payout procedure of the tether. The housing is attached to a strap secured about the torso of the person while the free end of the tether is secured about the person's arm. Alternately, a pair of arms are pivotally secured to each other within a housing having the non-Newtonian fluid therein for limiting movement of one arm with respect to the other.

Abstract: A body limb movement limiter restrains the movement of a person's arm so as to protect the person's shoulder or restrains the movement of a person's lower leg with respect to the upper leg so as to protect the person's knee. The device uses a housing having a reel disposed therein with a tether attached thereto and a shear thickening non-Newtonian fluid disposed within the housing so that the fluid acts on the reel during a payout procedure of the tether. The housing is attached to a strap secured about the torso of the person while the free end of the tether is secured about the person's arm. Alternately, a pair of arms are pivotally secured to each other within a housing having the non-Newtonian fluid therein for limiting movement of one arm with respect to the other.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing minute particles from a surface of a sample are provided that prevent redeposition of the particles onto the surface. By combining thermophoresis with laser assisted particle removal (LAPR), the methods and apparatus remove minute particles (for example, micrometer and nanometer sizes) and assure that they will not redeposit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing minute particles from a surface of a sample are provided that prevent redeposition of the particles onto the surface. By combining thermophoresis with laser assisted particle removal (LAPR), the methods and apparatus remove minute particles (for example, micrometer and nanometer sizes) and assure that they will not redeposit.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for removing minute particle(s) from a substrate. The methods include arranging an energy transfer medium having a predetermined thickness under and around one or more particle(s) to be removed, and irradiating the energy transfer medium and/or the surface of the substrate with pulsed energy, wherein the predetermined thickness of the energy transfer medium is selected so that viscous and other drag forces within the energy transfer medium are sufficient to cause the one or more particle(s) to be removed from the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing one or more minute particle(s) from a surface of a sample using laser technology is provided. The laser energy wavelength, the pulse length and shape of the laser energy, the laser energy density, the pulse repetition rate of the laser energy, the laser beam size and/or shape, the irradiation geometry, the ambient conditions, the amount and disposition of the energy transfer medium, and/or the composition of the energy transfer medium are selected and controlled, based on application and environment considerations, to precisely control the energy deposition into the particle(s), sample, and/or the energy transfer medium combination.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing minute particles from a surface of a sample are provided that prevent redeposition of the particles onto the surface. By combining thermophoresis with laser assisted particle removal (LAPR), the methods and apparatus remove minute particles (for example, micrometer and nanometer sizes) and assure that they will not redeposit.