Abstract: A battery thermal management system (BTMS) for an electric vehicle and a hybrid electric vehicle is provided. The BTMS includes a refrigerant circuit having an evaporator, a chiller, one or more condensers, a compressor, an ejector, a primary directional control valve (DCV), a secondary DCV, an ejector DCV, a compressor input and output DCVs, a reference DCV, throttling valves, and controller to cool or heat the battery and passenger cabin. A coolant circuit having the battery, battery cooler, a battery output DCV, and a battery input DCV is communicated with the refrigerant circuit via the chiller. The battery input and output DCVs are coupled to the battery cooler and coupled to each other to isolate the refrigerant circuit. The controller controls the DCVs based on an optimal battery temperature range, coolant temperature, ambient temperature, passenger cabin temperature, and optimal passenger cabin temperature range.

Abstract: An atmospheric water generator system which includes an air dryer system containing a plurality of air dryers configured to pass ambient air over a desiccant for the desiccant to absorb moisture from the air and a humidifier-dehumidifier system which is configured to humidify a gas mixture using the desiccant and dehumidify the humidified gas mixture to produce freshwater. The atmospheric water generator system includes a closed desiccant loop and a closed gas mixture loop configured such that ambient air does not enter the humidifier-dehumidifier system. The humidifier-dehumidifier system is configured such that the gas mixture passes back and forth between the humidifier and dehumidifier between two and six times in a single pass of the closed gas mixture loop. Also disclosed is a method of generating freshwater using the atmospheric water generator system.

Abstract: Desalination systems, apparatus, and related methods for use with saline fluids are disclosed. A disclosed desalination system includes an HDH system including a humidifier and a dehumidifier that, together, are configured to process a first saline fluid to produce freshwater in the dehumidifier. The desalination system also includes an AD system operatively coupled to the HDH system. The AD system includes a first bed, a second bed, an evaporator, and a condenser that, together, are configured to process a second saline fluid to produce freshwater in the condenser. The condenser is configured to transfer heat exhausted by the first or second bed from a vapor, obtained from the second saline fluid, to air circulating through the humidifier and the dehumidifier to drive the HDH system. The evaporator is configured to provide a cooling effect.

Abstract: An atmospheric water generator system which includes an air dryer system containing a plurality of air dryers configured to pass ambient air over a desiccant for the desiccant to absorb moisture from the air and a humidifier-dehumidifier system which is configured to humidify a gas mixture using the desiccant and dehumidify the humidified gas mixture to produce freshwater. The atmospheric water generator system includes a closed desiccant loop and a closed gas mixture loop configured such that ambient air does not enter the humidifier-dehumidifier system. The humidifier-dehumidifier system is configured such that the gas mixture passes back and forth between the humidifier and dehumidifier between two and six times in a single pass of the closed gas mixture loop. Also disclosed is a method of generating freshwater using the atmospheric water generator system.

Abstract: Desalination systems, apparatus, and related methods for use with saline fluids are disclosed. A disclosed desalination system includes an HDH system including a humidifier and a dehumidifier that, together, are configured to process a first saline fluid to produce freshwater in the dehumidifier. The desalination system also includes an AD system operatively coupled to the HDH system. The AD system includes a first bed, a second bed, an evaporator, and a condenser that, together, are configured to process a second saline fluid to produce freshwater in the condenser. The condenser is configured to transfer heat exhausted by the first or second bed from a vapor, obtained from the second saline fluid, to air circulating through the humidifier and the dehumidifier to drive the HDH system. The evaporator is configured to provide a cooling effect.

Abstract: A method reuses produced water resulting from a fossil fuel extraction operation. The method includes providing the produced water as an input to an electrodialysis system. The method also includes running the electrodialysis system to produce a diluate and a concentrate. The diluate is contaminated so as to have a conductivity of no less than 0.1 Siemens/meter. The method also includes reformulating the diluate to produce fossil fuel extraction fluid. The method also includes using the produced fossil fuel extraction fluid in the fossil fuel extraction operation. An electrodialysis system includes first and second stacks. The electrodialysis system also includes first and second voltage sources, coupled to the first and second stacks, so as to apply a first voltage to the first stack lower by at least about 10% than a second voltage to the second stack.

Abstract: A desalination and climate control system including a vapor-compression system having an evaporator, a condenser, and a working fluid that circulates between the evaporator and the condenser to transfer heat from the condenser to the evaporator, and a desalination system coupled with the desalination system having a humidifier that encloses the condenser, receives air and saline fluid, passes the saline fluid through the condenser to extract the heat and vaporizes the saline to provide humidified air and brine fluid, and a dehumidifier that encloses the evaporator, condensates the humidified air, and provides the air and demineralized fluid.

Abstract: A desalination and climate control system including a vapor-compression system having an evaporator, a condenser, and a working fluid that circulates between the evaporator and the condenser to transfer heat from the condenser to the evaporator, and a desalination system coupled with the desalination system having a humidifier that encloses the condenser, receives air and saline fluid, passes the saline fluid through the condenser to extract the heat and vaporizes the saline to provide humidified air and brine fluid, and a dehumidifier that encloses the evaporator, condensates the humidified air, and provides the air and demineralized fluid.

Abstract: A method reuses produced water resulting from a fossil fuel extraction operation. The method includes providing the produced water as an input to an electrodialysis system. The method also includes running the electrodialysis system to produce a diluate and a concentrate. The diluate is contaminated so as to have a conductivity of no less than 0.1 Siemens/meter. The method also includes reformulating the diluate to produce fossil fuel extraction fluid. The method also includes using the produced fossil fuel extraction fluid in the fossil fuel extraction operation. An electrodialysis system includes first and second stacks. The electrodialysis system also includes first and second voltage sources, coupled to the first and second stacks, so as to apply a first voltage to the first stack lower by at least about 10% than a second voltage to the second stack.

Abstract: A method reuses produced water resulting from a fossil fuel extraction operation. The method includes providing the produced water as an input to an electrodialysis system. The method also includes running the electrodialysis system to produce a diluate and a concentrate. The diluate is contaminated so as to have a conductivity of no less than 0.1 Siemens/meter. The method also includes reformulating the diluate to produce fossil fuel extraction fluid. The method also includes using the produced fossil fuel extraction fluid in the fossil fuel extraction operation. An electrodialysis system includes first and second stacks. The electrodialysis system also includes first and second voltage sources, coupled to the first and second stacks, so as to apply a first voltage to the first stack lower by at least about 10% than a second voltage to the second stack.

Abstract: The heat exchanger for photovoltaic (PV) panels is a heat exchanger that maintains a uniform temperature for cooling PV modules. The heat exchanger is a box-shaped enclosure attached to the rear face of the PV panel. The enclosure has an inlet end, an outlet end, and a plurality of parallel baffles disposed between the ends defining a plurality of channels dividing fluid flow through the enclosure into parallel paths. The spaces between the ends of the baffles and the inlet and outlet ends define an inlet header and an outlet header. In one embodiment, the fluid inlet and outlet are disposed in diagonally opposite corners of the disclosure, opening into triangular input and output headers. In another embodiment, the fluid inlet and outlet are centered at the ends of the enclosure, and the outlet header is V-shaped with the vertex extending into the enclosure along its centerline.

Abstract: A method reuses produced water resulting from a fossil fuel extraction operation. The method includes providing the produced water as an input to an electrodialysis system. The method also includes running the electrodialysis system to produce a diluate and a concentrate. The diluate is contaminated so as to have a conductivity of no less than 0.1 Siemens/meter. The method also includes reformulating the diluate to produce fossil fuel extraction fluid. The method also includes using the produced fossil fuel extraction fluid in the fossil fuel extraction operation. An electrodialysis system includes first and second stacks. The electrodialysis system also includes first and second voltage sources, coupled to the first and second stacks, so as to apply a first voltage to the first stack lower by at least about 10% than a second voltage to the second stack.

Abstract: A liquid purification system includes a filter system having a set of filters with a feed stream, a concentrate stream, and a permeate stream. The feed stream constitutes an input to the liquid purification system. The liquid purification system also includes an electrodialysis system having at least one stack of at least one pair of electrodes, between which is disposed at least one cell pair having an anion exchange membrane and a cation exchange membrane. The electrodialysis system includes a diluate inlet, a diluate outlet and a concentrate outlet. The diluate inlet is fluidly coupled to the concentrate stream and at least a portion of the diluate outlet is fluidly coupled to at least a portion of the permeate stream to produce a purified output stream. A ratio of electrical conductivity of the purified output stream to the feed stream is no less than about 0.55.

Abstract: The wastewater filtration system and method relates to systems and methods that use Ruba Al-Khali Saudi sand as the filtration media in systems for treating industrial wastewater. Ruba Al-Khali Saudi sand is effective in removing organic dyes, particularly rhodamine B, from the wastewater. The method includes bringing wastewater having an organic dye constituent into contact with the Saudi sand for a period of time sufficient to adsorb the organic dye. The system may include a batch reactor, such as a fixed bed or moving bed reactor, or a continuous flow reactor, such as a column reactor. When a batch reactor is used, the method may benefit from shaking or agitating the filtration media, particularly in the dark or under low ambient light conditions. The method may include regenerating the Saudi sand after use by heating the filtration media.

Abstract: A carrier-gas mixture is directed through a fluid flow path in a combined heat and mass transfer device, which can be operated at sub-atmospheric pressure. Heat and mass are transferred from or to the carrier-gas mixture via interaction with a liquid composition that includes a vaporizable component in a liquid state to substantially change the content of the vaporizable component in the carrier-gas mixture via evaporation or condensation. The mass flow rate of the carrier-gas mixture is varied by extracting or injecting the carrier-gas mixture from at least one intermediate location in the fluid flow path, and/or the mass flow rate of the liquid composition is varied by extracting or injecting the liquid composition from at least one intermediate location in the fluid flow path; and the flow of the carrier-gas mixture or the liquid composition is regulated to reduce the average local enthalpy pinch in the device.

Abstract: The heat exchanger for photovoltaic (PV) panels is a heat exchanger that maintains a uniform temperature for cooling PV modules. The heat exchanger is a box-shaped enclosure attached to the rear face of the PV panel. The enclosure has an inlet end, an outlet end, and a plurality of parallel baffles disposed between the ends defining a plurality of channels dividing fluid flow through the enclosure into parallel paths. The spaces between the ends of the baffles and the inlet and outlet ends define an inlet header and an outlet header. In one embodiment, the fluid inlet and outlet are disposed in diagonally opposite corners of the disclosure, opening into triangular input and output headers. In another embodiment, the fluid inlet and outlet are centered at the ends of the enclosure, and the outlet header is V-shaped with the vertex extending into the enclosure along its centerline.

Abstract: The wastewater filtration system and method relates to systems and methods that use Ruba Al-Khali Saudi sand as the filtration media in systems for treating industrial wastewater. Ruba Al-Khali Saudi sand is effective in removing organic dyes, particularly rhodamine B, from the wastewater. The method includes bringing wastewater having an organic dye constituent into contact with the Saudi sand for a period of time sufficient to adsorb the organic dye. The system may include a batch reactor, such as a fixed bed or moving bed reactor, or a continuous flow reactor, such as a column reactor. When a batch reactor is used, the method may benefit from shaking or agitating the filtration media, particularly in the dark or under low ambient light conditions. The method may include regenerating the Saudi sand after use by heating the filtration media.

Abstract: The hybrid photocatalyst for wastewater remediation is a composite of rhodamine B and BiOBr. The rhodamine B has a concentration between about 0.1 wt % and about 1 wt % of the overall photocatalyst. The hybrid photocatalyst is made by immersing a BiOBr semiconductor in an aqueous rhodamine B solution to form the hybrid photocatalyst by sorption of the rhodamine B by the BiOBr semiconductor. In use, the hybrid photocatalyst is added to wastewater containing at least one contaminant, such as methyl orange (sodium 4-[(4-dimethylamino)phenyldiazenyl]benzenesulfonate), to form a suspension of the hybrid photocatalyst and the at least one contaminant. The suspension is then exposed to visible to light to form a slurry containing a reaction mixture in the wastewater. The slurry is then filtered to remove the reaction mixture.

Abstract: Water can be separated from a liquid composition (e.g., salt water) by directing a carrier gas flow through an evaporator and directly contacting the carrier gas flow with the liquid composition in the evaporator to humidify the carrier gas with water evaporated from the liquid composition, producing a humidified gas flow, which is then compressed by injecting a fluid that includes steam and/or an organic compound at an elevated pressure at least five times greater than the pressure in the evaporator and at a temperature at least as high as a saturation temperature of the steam/organic compound at the elevated pressure of the fluid. After being compressed, the humidified gas flow is directed through at least one condenser where water is condensed from the compressed humidified gas flow and collected; and the dehumidified gas flow is re-circulated back through the evaporator for reuse as the carrier gas.

Abstract: A carrier-gas mixture is directed through a fluid flow path in a combined heat and mass transfer device, which can be operated at sub-atmospheric pressure. Heat and mass are transferred from or to the carrier-gas mixture via interaction with a liquid composition that includes a vaporizable component in a liquid state to substantially change the content of the vaporizable component in the carrier-gas mixture via evaporation or condensation. The mass flow rate of the carrier-gas mixture is varied by extracting or injecting the carrier-gas mixture from at least one intermediate location in the fluid flow path, and/or the mass flow rate of the liquid composition is varied by extracting or injecting the liquid composition from at least one intermediate location in the fluid flow path; and the flow of the carrier-gas mixture or the liquid composition is regulated to reduce the average local enthalpy pinch in the device.