Abstract: Process are provided which are effective for controlling medium conductivity during fermentation of a CO-containing gaseous substrate while providing an STY of about 10 g ethanol/(L·day) or more. The process includes balancing medium conductivity, specific carbon uptake or cell density levels.

Abstract: A process for fermenting syngas and a fermentation medium provides high ethanol productivity while removing medium components that were previously thought to be essential. The process is effective for providing a specific STY of at least about 1 gram of ethanol/(L·day·gram cells) and for providing a selenium content in cell biomass exiting the fermentation of about 1 ppm or less.

Abstract: Process are provided which are effective for controlling medium conductivity during fermentation of a CO-containing gaseous substrate while providing an STY of about 10 g ethanol/(L·day) or more. The process includes balancing medium conductivity, specific carbon uptake or cell density levels.

Abstract: Process are provided which are effective for controlling medium conductivity during fermentation of a CO-containing gaseous substrate while providing an STY of about 10 g ethanol/(L·day) or more. The process includes balancing medium conductivity, specific carbon uptake or cell density levels.

Abstract: Process are provided which are effective for controlling medium conductivity during fermentation of a CO-containing gaseous substrate while providing an STY of about 10 g ethanol/(L·day) or more. The process includes balancing medium conductivity, specific carbon uptake or cell density levels.

Abstract: A process is provided for fermenting CO-containing gaseous substrates in a low phosphate medium. The process includes blending a liquid medium that includes at least one transition metal element with a liquid medium that includes at least at least one other transition metal element and one non-metal element to provide a fermentation medium. The process is effective for preventing precipitation of one or more transition metal elements with one or more non-metal elements. The fermentation medium used in the process is prepared in a way that requires significantly lower amounts of water and reduced levels of phosphate.

Abstract: Process are provided which are effective for controlling medium conductivity during fermentation of a CO-containing gaseous substrate while providing an STY of about 10 g ethanol/(L·day) or more. The process includes balancing medium conductivity, specific carbon uptake or cell density levels.

Abstract: A process for fermenting syngas and a fermentation medium provides high ethanol productivity while removing medium components that were previously thought to be essential. The process is effective for providing a specific STY of at least about 1 g ethanol/(L-day-gram cells). In this aspect, the fermentation medium has a weight ratio of NH4+ to B of about 625:1 or more, or a weight ratio of NH4+ to Mn of about 4050:1 or more, or a weight ratio of NH/ to Mo of about 2500:I or more, or a ratio of NH4+ to Cu of about 4050:I or more; or the fermentation medium has a weight ratio of P to B of about 30:1 or more, or a weight ratio of P to Mn of about 190:1 or more, or a weight ratio of P to Mo of about 120:1 or more, or a weight ratio of Mn to Cu of about 190:1 or more; or the fermentation medium has a weight ratio of K to B of about 35:1 or more, or a weight ratio of K to Mn of about 245:1 or more, or a weight ratio of K to Mo of about 150:1 or more, or a weight ratio of K to Cu of about 245:1 or more.

Abstract: A process for fermenting syngas and a fermentation medium provides high ethanol productivity while removing medium components that were previously thought to be essential. The process is effective for providing a specific STY of at least about 1 gram of ethanol/(L·day·gram cells) and for providing a selenium content in cell biomass exiting the fermentation of about 1 ppm or less.

Abstract: A process is provided for fermenting CO-containing gaseous substrates in a low phosphate medium. The process includes blending a liquid medium that includes at least one transition metal element with a liquid medium that includes at least at least one other transition metal element and one non-metal element to provide a fermentation medium. The process is effective for preventing precipitation of one or more transition metal elements with one or more non-metal elements. The fermentation medium used in the process is prepared in a way that requires significantly lower amounts of water and reduced levels of phosphate.

Abstract: Process are provided which are effective for controlling medium conductivity during fermentation of a CO-containing gaseous substrate while providing an STY of about 10 g ethanol/(L·day) or more. The process includes balancing medium conductivity, specific carbon uptake or cell density levels.