Abstract: A road damage calculation system of the present invention includes a load detector that detects a load applied to a road from a vehicle on the road, and a server including a hardware processor that calculates road damage from the load obtained by the load detector and accumulates the calculated road damage to calculate accumulated road damage.

Abstract: A road damage control system of the present invention includes a load detector that detects a load applied to a road from a vehicle on the road, and a server including a hardware processor that calculates road damage from the load obtained by the load detector, accumulates the calculated road damage to calculate accumulated road damage, estimates a road life from an allowable total road damage amount and the accumulated road damage, and outputs information about traffic regulation to be performed on the road to extend the estimated road life.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming method is disclosed. The method includes electrically charging a photoreceptor, imagewise exposing the photoreceptor so that a latent image is formed on the photoreceptor, supplying a lubricant on a surface of the photoreceptor, and developing the latent image with a toner so that a toner image is formed on the photoreceptor, transferring the toner image and cleaning the photoreceptor, in which the photoreceptor has an electro-conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer containing inorganic particles, a ratio RSm/D50 of an average length of surface roughness profile element in the direction making a right angle with the driving direction of the photoreceptor RSm (?m) to a number-based median diameter of the toner D50 is from 0.4 to 2.0, and a skewness of the surface roughness profile of the photoreceptor in the direction making a right angle with the driving direction of the photoreceptor Rsk is from ?3.0 to 0.0.

Abstract: A surface abrading method of an electrophotographic photoreceptor is disclosed, comprising abrading the surface of a photosensitive layer with an abrading member entrained about a backup roll with feeding the abrading member and rotating the photoreceptor, while moving the abrading member parallel to a rotating shaft of the photoreceptor with bringing the abrading member into contact with the photosensitive layer surface, wherein the abrading member comprises a solid body on a backing material, the solid body contains abrasive grains and is provided on the backing material brought into contact with the photosensitive layer surface, and the top face of the solid body exhibits a surface roughness (Ry) of from 4.0 to 8.0 ?m.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt for use in an image forming apparatus of an electro-photographing type, includes a substrate; and a surface-cured layer provided on the substrate; wherein the surface-cured layer contains a reaction product of at least an active energy ray curable monomer, reactive metal oxide particles, and a graft copolymer of a polymerizable fluorine resin and a polymerizable siloxane.

Abstract: An image forming method employing a photoreceptor and a polymerization toner, wherein the photoreceptor comprises a photosensitive layer provided on a surface of a cylindrical electroconductive substrate, a surface of the photoreceptor has a shape composed of plural lower portions and plural higher portions, a surface roughness of a top surface of the higher portions is 0.01 to 0.5 ?m, and a volume based median particle diameter of the polymerization toner is 3 to 8 ?m.

Abstract: A surface abrading method of an electrophotographic photoreceptor is disclosed, comprising abrading the surface of a photosensitive layer with an abrading member entrained about a backup roll with feeding the abrading member and rotating the photoreceptor, while moving the abrading member parallel to a rotating shaft of the photoreceptor with bringing the abrading member into contact with the photosensitive layer surface, wherein the abrading member comprises a solid body on a backing material, the solid body contains abrasive grains and is provided on the backing material brought into contact with the photosensitive layer surface, and the top face of the solid body exhibits a surface roughness (Ry) of from 4.0 to 8.0 ?m.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming method is disclosed. The method includes electrically charging a photoreceptor, imagewise exposing the photoreceptor so that a latent image is formed on the photoreceptor, supplying a lubricant on a surface of the photoreceptor, and developing the latent image with a toner so that a toner image is formed on the photoreceptor, transferring the toner image and cleaning the photoreceptor, in which the photoreceptor has an electro-conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer containing inorganic particles, a ratio RSm/D50 of an average length of surface roughness profile element in the direction making a right angle with the driving direction of the photoreceptor RSm (?m) to a number-based median diameter of the toner D50 is from 0.4 to 2.0, and a skewness of the surface roughness profile of the photoreceptor in the direction making a right angle with the driving direction of the photoreceptor Rsk is from ?3.0 to 0.0.

Abstract: A coating apparatus for a plurality of cylindrical light sensitive members each for use in an electrophotography, is provided with a coating tank in which a coating liquid is stored; a dipping device to lift down the plurality of cylindrical base members into the coating liquid and to lift up the plurality of cylindrical base members above the coating liquid so that the plurality of cylindrical base members are coated with the coating liquid; and a plurality of drying hoods corresponding in number to the plurality of cylindrical base members and provided above the coating tank so that each of the plurality of cylindrical base members is lifted up from the coating tank into a respective drying hood among the plurality of cylindrical base members.

Abstract: A coating apparatus for a plurality of cylindrical light sensitive members each for use in an electrophotography, is provided with a coating tank in which a coating liquid is stored; a dipping device to lift down the plurality of cylindrical base members into the coating liquid and to lift up the plurality of cylindrical base members above the coating liquid so that the plurality of cylindrical base members are coated with the coating liquid; and a plurality of drying hoods corresponding in number to the plurality of cylindrical base members and provided above the coating tank so that each of the plurality of cylindrical base members is lifted up from the coating tank into a respective drying hood among the plurality of cylindrical base members.