Abstract: A phase difference observation apparatus includes a light source; an illumination guide to guide illumination light from the light source to an observation target object in a cell culture vessel; an optical imager to form an optical image of the observation target object on an image sensor; and a controller. The illumination guide includes a spatial modulator to change an intensity distribution of the illumination light; the controller contains intensity distribution correction information associating a position of the imaging guide with respect to the cell culture vessel with an intensity distribution of illumination light at the position of the optical imager; the controller acquires imaging system position information, which is the position of the optical imager; and the controller changes an intensity distribution of illumination light in the spatial modulator on the basis of the imaging system position information and the intensity distribution correction information.

Abstract: A tyre includes a tread portion being provided with at least one main groove extending in a tyre circumferential direction and at least one lateral groove connected to the at least one main groove. The at least one main groove includes an intersection to which the lateral groove is connected. One of groove walls of the at least one main groove or the at least one lateral groove is provided with projections protruding toward the intersection.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire 1 comprises a sidewall portion 3. The sidewall portion 3 comprises an outer surface (3a) provided with a plurality of protruding portions 9 protruding outwardly in a tire axial direction and arranged in a tire circumferential direction. Each of the protruding portions 9 comprises a pair of side surfaces 12 extending in a tire radial direction at both ends in a tire circumferential direction of each of the protruding portions 9 and a top surface 13 arranged outermost in the tire axial direction between the pair of the side surfaces 12. In at least one of the protruding portions 9, the top surface 13 is provided with at least one groove 16.

Abstract: A tyre includes a tread portion being provided with at least one main groove extending in a tyre circumferential direction and at least one lateral groove connected to the at least one main groove. The at least one main groove includes an intersection to which the lateral groove is connected. One of groove walls of the at least one main groove or the at least one lateral groove is provided with projections protruding toward the intersection.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire with a pair of sidewall portions, which comprises at least one of said sidewall portions with a radially outer region being radially outside than a tire maximum width position of its outer surface, the radially outer region being provided with a serration pattern, the serration pattern comprising a first serration group and a second serration group, the first serration group comprising a plurality of concentrically arranged first arc-shaped ridges at regular intervals around a first center point O1, the second serration group comprising a plurality of concentrically arranged second arc-shaped ridges at regular intervals around a second center point O2 that is located radially outside than the first center point O1 of the first serration group, and the first serration group and second serration group arranged in a circumferential direction of the tire so as to overlap partially.

Abstract: In the tire 2, fillers 10 are layered over clinches 8 in portions outward of a carcass 14 in the axial direction. A carcass ply 50 is turned up around cores 44. Turned-up portions 50a are disposed between the fillers 10 and apexes 46. Each clinch 8 has a maximum thickness Tcx that is measured along a line normal to an inner surface, in the axial direction, of the clinch 8. A ratio of a thickness Tf1 of the filler 10 to a sum of the thickness Tf1 and the thickness Tcx is greater than or equal to 0.1 and not greater than 0.6. A percentage of a complex elastic modulus E*f of the filler 10 relative to a complex elastic modulus E*a of the apex 46 is greater than or equal to 70% and not greater than 125%.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire 22 includes a pair of beads 30 and a carcass 32 extending on and between both beads 30. Each bead 30 includes a core 48. The core 48 includes: a main body 56 including a cord 60 extending in a circumferential direction; and a stretchable portion 58 formed from a crosslinked rubber. The stretchable portion 58 is located inward of the main body 56 in an axial direction. The stretchable portion 58 has a size with which at least one cross-section of the cord 60 can be included therein in a cross-section of the bead 30. Preferably, in the tire 22, the main body 56 includes a hard unit and a soft unit. The soft unit is located outward of the hard unit in a radial direction. A hard cord of the hard unit stretches more easily than a soft cord of the soft unit.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire 1 comprises a sidewall portion 3. The sidewall portion 3 comprises an outer surface (3a) provided with a plurality of protruding portions 9 protruding outwardly in a tire axial direction and arranged in a tire circumferential direction. Each of the protruding portions 9 comprises a pair of side surfaces 12 extending in a tire radial direction at both ends in a tire circumferential direction of each of the protruding portions 9 and a top surface 13 arranged outermost in the tire axial direction between the pair of the side surfaces 12. In at least one of the protruding portions 9, the top surface 13 is provided with at least one groove 16.

Abstract: In the tire 2, fillers 10 are layered over clinches 8 in portions outward of a carcass 14 in the axial direction. A carcass ply 50 is turned up around cores 44. Turned-up portions 50a are disposed between the fillers 10 and apexes 46. Each clinch 8 has a maximum thickness Tcx that is measured along a line normal to an inner surface, in the axial direction, of the clinch 8. A ratio of a thickness Tf1 of the filler 10 to a sum of the thickness Tf1 and the thickness Tcx is greater than or equal to 0.1 and not greater than 0.6. A percentage of a complex elastic modulus E*f of the filler 10 relative to a complex elastic modulus E*a of the apex 46 is greater than or equal to 70% and not greater than 125%.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire with a pair of sidewall portions, which comprises at least one of said sidewall portions with a radially outer region being radially outside than a tire maximum width position of its outer surface, the radially outer region being provided with a serration pattern, the serration pattern comprising a first serration group and a second serration group, the first serration group comprising a plurality of concentrically arranged first arc-shaped ridges at regular intervals around a first center point O1, the second serration group comprising a plurality of concentrically arranged second arc-shaped ridges at regular intervals around a second center point O2 that is located radially outside than the first center point O1 of the first serration group, and the first serration group and second serration group arranged in a circumferential direction of the tire so as to overlap partially.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a pneumatic tire 22 that allows a low fitting pressure to be achieved without impairing a tightening force. [Solution] The tire 22 includes a pair of beads 30 and a carcass 32 extending on and between both beads 30. Each bead 30 includes a core 48. The core 48 includes: a main body 56 including a cord 60 extending in a circumferential direction; and a stretchable portion 58 formed from a crosslinked rubber. The stretchable portion 58 is located inward of the main body 56 in an axial direction. The stretchable portion 58 has a size with which at least one cross-section of the cord 60 can be included therein in a cross-section of the bead 30. Preferably, in the tire 22, the main body 56 includes a hard unit and a soft unit. The soft unit is located outward of the hard unit in a radial direction. A hard cord of the hard unit stretches more easily than a soft cord of the soft unit.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire is provided in the outer surface of each sidewall portion with a serrated zone formed by a number of serration grooves extending at an angle of at most 45 degrees with respect to the tire radial direction. Each of the serration grooves has a variable depth such that the deepest point lies between the radially outermost end and innermost end of the serration groove. The deepest point is positioned in a range between 0.2 time and 0.4 times a radial distance Ha from the maximum carcass section width position to the radially outermost end of the tire. As a result, the rolling resistance of the tire can be reduced.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire with a pair of sidewall portions, which comprises at least one of said sidewall portions with a radially outer region being radially outside than a tire maximum width position of its outer surface, the radially outer region being provided with a serration pattern, the serration pattern comprising a first serration group and a second serration group, the first serration group comprising a plurality of concentrically arranged first arc-shaped ridges at regular intervals around a first center point O1, the second serration group comprising a plurality of concentrically arranged second arc-shaped ridges at regular intervals around a second center point O2 that is located radially outside than the first center point O1 of the first serration group, and the first serration group and second serration group arranged in a circumferential direction of the tire so as to overlap partially.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire having a tread portion, buttress portions, sidewall portions and bead portions, includes bead cores positioned in the bead portions, respectively, a carcass extending from the tread portion through the sidewall portions to the bead cores in the bead portions, a belt layer formed over the carcass in a tire radial direction in the tread portion and including multiple belt plies, and clinch rubbers positioned over the carcass in a tire axial direction in the bead portions, respectively, and forming outer surfaces in the bead portions. Each of the belt plies has belt cords such that the belt cords are tilted at an angle of 15° to 45° with respect to a tire equator, and each of the clinch rubbers has a thickness in a range of 3 to 5 mm measured at a height of 25 mm from a bead base line in the tire radial direction.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire is provided in the outer surface of each sidewall portion with a serrated zone formed by a number of serration grooves extending at an angle of at most 45 degrees with respect to the tire radial direction. Each of the serration grooves has a variable depth such that the deepest point lies between the radially outermost end and innermost end of the serration groove. The deepest point is positioned in a range between 0.2 time and 0.4 times a radial distance Ha from the maximum carcass section width position to the radially outermost end of the tire. As a result, the rolling resistance of the tire can be reduced.

Abstract: A tire having an asymmetric tread pattern that land proportion of outer side area 2o is larger than inner side area 2i, but having a reduced difference in drainage performance between tires on right and left wheels, the tire having tread surface 2 divided by four circumferential grooves 3 and 4 into center land 5, middle lands 6, 6 and shoulder lands 7, 7, wherein middle land 6o and shoulder land 7o in the outer side area 2o are divided respectively by outer middle lateral grooves 8o and outer shoulder lateral grooves 10o into blocks 9o and blocks 11o, inclination direction of the middle lateral grooves 8o is opposite to that of the shoulder lateral grooves 10o with respect to tire axial direction, and the lateral grooves 8o and 10o are inclined at an angle ?mo between 5° and 45° and at an angle ?so between more than 0° and not more than 40°, respectively.

Abstract: A tire having an asymmetric tread pattern that land proportion of outer side area 2o is larger than inner side area 2i, but having a reduced difference in drainage performance between tires on right and left wheels, the tire having tread surface 2 divided by four circumferential grooves 3 and 4 into center land 5, middle lands 6, 6 and shoulder lands 7, 7, wherein middle land 6o and shoulder land 7o in the outer side area 2o are divided respectively by outer middle lateral grooves 8o and outer shoulder lateral grooves 10o into blocks 9o and blocks 11o, inclination direction of the middle lateral grooves 8o is opposite to that of the shoulder lateral grooves 10o with respect to tire axial direction, and the lateral grooves 8o and 10o are inclined at an angle ?mo between 5° and 45° and at an angle ?so between more than 0° and not more than 40°, respectively.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for generating gas bubbles, which can generate a large amount of micro gas bubbles having diameters of less than 15 ?m, specifically less than 10 ?m, in a liquid. The apparatus comprises a tube 2 having a closed end 14 at one end and an open end 15 at the other end, and a rotating bladed wheel 3 installed in the tube 2 and rotating coaxially or substantially coaxially with the tube 2. The rotating bladed wheel 3 has one or more blades 4. The face of each blade 4 is substantially parallel to the axis of a rotating shaft 5 of the rotating bladed wheel 3. Ventilation resistance between the interior of the tube 2 on the side near the closed end 14 and the outside gas is equal to or larger than that of a ventilation port 7 having an inner diameter of 0.36 time an average width d of the blades and a length of 3 mm. At least the open end 15 of the tube 2 and the rotating bladed wheel 3 are immersed in a liquid 20 and the rotating bladed wheel 3 is rotated at a peripheral speed of 5.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire including a longitudinal main groove formed concavely on a tread surface thereof in a radial direction thereof by extending the longitudinal main groove linearly in a circumferential direction thereof; and narrow grooves formed concavely on at least an outer side surface of both side surfaces of the longitudinal main groove opposed to each other in a widthwise direction of the pneumatic tire by spacing the narrow grooves at certain intervals in a circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire. Each of the narrow grooves is so configured that a longer side of each of the narrow grooves extends in the radial direction of the pneumatic tire and that a shorter side of each of the narrow grooves extends in the circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire. A sectional configuration of a position having a maximum sectional area in each of the narrow grooves is circular arc-shaped.

Abstract: A tread surface 2 is divided by inner and outer longitudinal grooves 3a and 3b located on opposite sides of the tire equator into a central land portion 4i, intermediate land portions 4m and shoulder land portions 4o. The intermediate land portion 4i includes an inclined grooves 9 having an angle ? with respect to the circumferential direction of the tire, and the angle is increased from an inner end (mi) away from the inner longitudinal grooves 3a by a small distance La to an outer end (mo) where the intermediate land portion intersects with the outer longitudinal grooves 3b. An angle ?i in the inner end (mi) is 0 to 25°, and an angle ?o in the outer end (mo) is 60 to 80°. A pitch P1 of the inclined grooves 9 in the circumferential direction is greater than a pitch P2 of lug grooves 5 provided in the shoulder land portion 4o in the circumferential direction.