Abstract: A nozzle according to an embodiment includes: a metal portion, which defines a penetration hole therein; and a ceramic portion, which surrounds the metal portion, where the metal portion includes a first region and a second region having a narrower diameter than the first region, the ceramic portion surrounds the second region, and an end of the metal portion close to a discharging end of the nozzle is spaced apart from an end of the ceramic portion close to the discharging end.

Abstract: An electrostatic chuck and an electrostatic adsorption apparatus including the same are disclosed. The electrostatic chuck includes a base, a cushion layer on the base, an electrode layer on the cushion layer, and a dielectric layer on the electrode layer, the base, the cushion layer, the electrode layer, and the dielectric layer have through holes. The through holes each have a rectangular shape, and each corner region of the dielectric layer has a pair of the through holes, and the central axes of the pair of the through holes respectively intersect two adjacent sides of the dielectric layer at the respective corner region.

Abstract: An electrostatic chuck and an electrostatic adsorption apparatus including the same are disclosed. The electrostatic chuck includes a base, a cushion layer on the base, an electrode layer on the cushion layer, and a dielectric layer on the electrode layer, the base, the cushion layer, the electrode layer, and the dielectric layer have through holes. The through holes each have a rectangular shape, and each corner region of the dielectric layer has a pair of the through holes, and the central axes of the pair of the through holes respectively intersect two adjacent sides of the dielectric layer at the respective corner region.

Abstract: An electrostatic chuck and an electrostatic adsorption apparatus are provided. According to one or more exemplary embodiments, an electrostatic chuck includes: a main body portion including a body portion provided with a through-hole, and a transparent resin portion filled in the through-hole; a transparent cushion layer on the main body portion and covering the transparent resin portion; an electrode layer on the transparent cushion layer; and a dielectric layer on the electrode layer.

Abstract: An electrostatic chuck and an electrostatic adsorption apparatus are provided. According to one or more exemplary embodiments, an electrostatic chuck includes: a main body portion including a body portion provided with a through-hole, and a transparent resin portion filled in the through-hole; a transparent cushion layer on the main body portion and covering the transparent resin portion; an electrode layer on the transparent cushion layer; and a dielectric layer on the electrode layer.

Abstract: A torque-transmitting device uses the principle of leverage in such a way that torque input at one end of a lever can become a greater torque per unit time at the other end of the lever, and can be achieved in a uniform fashion.