Abstract: Provided is a polymer product, in which the weight average molecular weight measured by gel permeation chromatography is 250,000 or greater and the content of residual ring-opening-polymerizable monomer is 100 ppm by mass or greater but less than 1,000 ppm by mass, or a polymer product, in which the content of residual ring-opening-polymerizable monomer is from 1,000 ppm by mass to 20,000 ppm by mass and the yellow index (YI) value is 15 or less.

Abstract: To provide a polymer production apparatus, which contains: a first supply unit configured to supply raw materials including a monomer; a second supply unit configured to supply a compressive fluid; a contact unit configured to bring the monomer into contact with the compressive fluid; and a reaction unit configured to allow the monomer, which has been brought into contact with the compressive fluid, to react in the presence of the compressive fluid, wherein the reaction unit contains one, or two or more extrusion devices, and one, or two or more stirring devices.

Abstract: An aliphatic polyester having a number-average molecular weight of from 500,000 to 2,000,000 includes an ester bonding site and an amide bonding site. The content of the amide bonding site is from 1×10?3% to 1×10?1% by mol based on total weight of the ester bonding site and the amide bonding site.

Abstract: Provided is a polymer product that has a melting point difference (Tm1?Tm0) of 3° C. or more between a polymer melting point Tm0 before it is heated and a polymer melting point Tm1 after it is heated under a nitrogen atmosphere for 60 minutes at a temperature that is higher than the highest polymer melting point by from 10° C. to 50° C.

Abstract: Toner contains a binder resin and a colorant, wherein the binder resin contains a resin having a polyhydroxy carboxylic acid skeleton, wherein the toner has a half effusion temperature of from 80° C. to 120° C. as measured by a temperature rising method using a flow tester.

Abstract: An electrophotographic toner including: a binder resin, wherein the binder resin has one glass transition temperature Tg and the glass transition temperature Tg of the binder resin is within 25° C. to 65° C. as measured in second heating with a differential scanning calorimeter at a heating rate of 5° C./min, and wherein a phase image of the binder resin obtained with an atomic force microscope (AFM) of tapping mode contains first phase difference regions and a second phase difference region such that the first phase difference regions are dispersed in the second phase difference region, where the first phase difference regions correspond to greater phase difference regions and the second phase difference region corresponds to a smaller phase difference region when an intermediate value between a maximum value and a minimum value of the phase differences is used as a threshold.

Abstract: A particle manufacturing method of the present invention includes: ring-opening-polymerizing a ring-opening-polymerizable monomer after bringing the ring-opening-polymerizable monomer into contact with a first compressible fluid; and granulating a polymer obtained in the ring-opening-polymerizing by jetting the polymer and the first compressible fluid.

Abstract: A resin for toner contains a polyhydroxycarboxylic acid skeleton and a rigid skeleton.

Abstract: A resin for use in toner is provided. The resin comprises an oligomer segment and a soft segment. The oligomer segment comprises a polyhydroxycarboxylic skeleton and an aromatic diol skeleton.

Abstract: To provide a polymer composition, which contains stereo complex crystals, and substantially no organic solvent, wherein an amount of ring-opening polymerizable monomer residues is 2 mol % or less.

Abstract: A polymer production apparatus, including: supplying unit containing first supplying unit to supply raw materials containing monomer, and second supplying unit to supply compressive fluid; contacting unit to bring the monomer and the compressive fluid into contact together; and outlet configured to discharge reaction product of the monomer, wherein reaction unit is provided between the contacting unit and the outlet, where the reaction unit is to pass the monomer from the contacting unit side to the outlet side, while allowing the monomer to carry out a polymerization reaction in the presence of the compressive fluid, and wherein the reaction unit contains circulation unit containing first pipe and second pipe, where a fluid is passed through the first pipe from the contacting unit side to the outlet side, and the second pipe is to return the fluid from return port provided upstream extrusion unit to inlet provided upstream the return port.

Abstract: A method for producing a polymer, by continuously supplying and bringing at least a ring-opening polymerizable monomer and a compressive fluid into contact with each other, to thereby allow the ring-opening polymerizable monomer to carry out ring-opening polymerization to continuously generate a polymer.

Abstract: A toner including a binder resin having a glass transition temperature (Tg) observed at least at one point from 25 to 65° C. in a differential scanning calorimeter at a rate of temperature increase of 5° C./min, wherein the toner has a structure in which a structure appearing as a high phase difference image is dispersed in a structure appearing as a low phase difference image in a two-dimensional phase difference image observed by tapping mode AFM, and an X-ray diffraction chart in which a peak originated from an crystalline resin is observed in a range of a diffraction angle 2? of from 20 to 25°, and wherein a ratio (I1/I2) of an intensity of the peak originated from an crystalline resin to an intensity (I2) of a halo originated from an amorphous composition is from 0.2 to 1.

Abstract: A toner, including: a crystalline resin; a non-crystalline resin; and a colorant, wherein the toner has a sea-island structure which includes a sea containing the crystalline resin and an island containing the non-crystalline resin and the colorant, wherein the island is 1.0 ?m or less in domain diameter, and wherein the toner is 1.7×104 Pa or less in storage elastic modulus at 160° C.

Abstract: A polymer is provided. The polymer includes a polymer chain; and a saccharide bonded with the polymer chain. The polymer does not substantially include an organic solvent and a metal atom, and includes a residual monomer in an amount of not greater than 1,000 ppm, which is relatively small compared to the amount of residual monomer in a polymer prepared by a conventional method. The polymer is preferably used for a clathrate, a sheet, and an aqueous dispersion of the sheet.

Abstract: A method for producing a polymer, including: (i) continuously supplying and bringing at least a first monomer, which is ring-opening polymerizable, and a compressive fluid into contact with each other, to thereby allow the first monomer to carry out ring-opening polymerization to continuously generate an intermediate; and (ii) bringing the intermediate and a second monomer, which is identical to or different from the first monomer in kind, into contact with each other, to thereby allow the intermediate and the second monomer to carry out polymerization.

Abstract: The toner includes a pigment; and a block copolymer having a polyester block A including a residual group of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, and a polyester block B including an anionic group. When cross-section of the block copolymer is observed by a tapping mode atomic force microscope to obtain a phase image of the cross-section, the polyester block B, which has relatively large phase delay, is dispersed as domains having an average size of from 20 nm to 100 nm in a domain of the polyester block A, which has relatively small phase delay. The block copolymer has a first glass transition temperature of from ?20° C. to 20° C., and a second glass transition temperature of from 35° C. to 65° C. when the first and second glass transition temperatures are determined from a thermogram obtained by subjecting the block copolymer to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a temperature rising speed of 5° C./min.

Abstract: A method for producing a polymer, including: (i) bringing a compressive fluid and raw materials containing a ring-opening polymerizable monomer into contact with each other at a mixing ratio represented by the following formula, to thereby allow the ring-opening polymerizable monomer to carry out ring-opening polymerization: 1>{Mass of the raw materials/(Mass of the raw materials+Mass of the compressive fluid)}?0.5.

Abstract: A method for producing polymer particles, including (A) polymerizing and granulating a ring-opening polymerizable monomer in a compressive fluid with a catalyst in the presence of a surfactant, or (B) polymerizing and granulating an addition polymerizable monomer in a compressive fluid in the presence of a silicone surfactant.

Abstract: A method for producing core-shell type particles, including: ring-opening polymerizing a ring-opening polymerizable monomer in a first mixture containing the ring-opening polymerizable monomer, porous particles, and a compressive fluid; and injecting a second mixture containing a polymer obtained in the ring-opening polymerizing, the porous particles, and the compressive fluid to thereby granulate into the core-shell type particles.