Abstract: Provided are a radical polymerization method in which, using a radical polymerization initiator with a low concentration of 1 mmol/L or less, a radical-polymerizable fluorine-based monomer can be radical-polymerized under a low temperature environment of a room temperature range without the need for an emulsifier such as PFOA; and a method for producing a radical-polymerized fluorine-based polymer using the radical polymerization method. The radical polymerization method is a radical polymerization method of radical-polymerizing a radical-polymerizable fluorine-based monomer using a polymerization initiator which generates perfluoroalkyl radicals by thermal decomposition, in which the polymerization initiator includes at least one of perfluoro-3-ethyl-2,2,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl or perfluoro-2,2,4-trimethyl-3-isopropyl-3-pentyl.

Abstract: A method of producing a fluorine-containing compound, which contains the step of: fluorinating a substrate in a solvent with fluorine gas, wherein as said substrate, a substrate that cannot substantially undergo fluorinating reaction independently, is allowed to react, in the presence of a substrate that rapidly undergoes fluorinating reaction independently.

Abstract: A method of producing a fluorine-containing compound, which contains the step of: fluorinating a substrate in a solvent with fluorine gas, wherein as said substrate, a substrate that cannot substantially undergo fluorinating reaction independently, is allowed to react, in the presence of a substrate that rapidly undergoes fluorinating reaction independently.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a method for producing a highly branched perfluoroolefin conveniently in a high yield, a novel highly branched perfluoroolefin, a method for producing a super-stable perfluoroalkyl radical and a novel super-stable perfluoroalkyl radical. The present invention is a production method of a perfluoroolefin which comprises reacting a hexafluoropropene trimer with a trialkylperfluoroalkylsilane in an aprotic polar solvent using a fluoride ion as a catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a method for providing a low-molecular radical which comprises releasing a radical having a lower molecular weight from a super-stable perfluoroalkyl-based radical followed by generating the above super-stable perfluoroalkyl-based radical. The invention is a method for providing a low-molecular radical which comprises a super-stable radical generating reaction for generating a super-stable perfluoroalkyl-based radical from a radical-carrying molecule and a radical releasing reaction for releasing the low-molecular radical from said super-stable perfluoroalkyl-based radical, said radical-carrying molecule being generated as a result of said radical releasing reaction.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a method for producing a highly branched perfluoroolefin conveniently in a high yield, a novel highly branched perfluoroolefin, a method for producing a super-stable perfluoroalkyl radical and a novel super-stable perfluoroalkyl radical.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a method for producing a highly branched perfluoroolefin conveniently in a high yield, a novel highly branched perfluoroolefin, a method for producing a super-stable perfluoroalkyl radical and a novel super-stable perfluoroalkyl radical. The present invention is a production method of a perfluoroolefin which comprises reacting a hexafluoropropene trimer with a trialkylperfluoroalkylsilane in an aprotic polar solvent using a fluoride ion as a catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a perfluoroolefin-hydrocarbon hybrid compound represented by the following general formula (1): [(CF3)2CX][(CF3)2CY]C═C(CF3)Z   (1) wherein X, Y and Z may be the same or different, and independently represent F or R, excepting that all of X, Y and Z are F, wherein R represents straight chain or branched alkyl and aryl groups having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms. The present invention also provides a method of producing the above compound, and a method of producing a perfluoroalkyl radical by using the above compound as a starting material.

Abstract: The present invention provides a perfluoroolefin-hydrocarbon hybrid compound represented by the following general formula (1):

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a method for providing a low-molecular radical which comprises releasing a radical having a lower molecular weight from a super-stable perfluoroalkyl-based radical followed by generating the above super-stable perfluoroalkyl-based radical.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a method for producing a highly branched perfluoroolefin conveniently in a high yield, a novel highly branched perfluoroolefin, a method for producing a super-stable perfluoroalkyl radical and a novel super-stable perfluoroalkyl radical.

Abstract: The present invention, which is aimed at providing a novel reaction for converting a fluorine-containing carbonyl compound to an asymmetric fluorine-containing primary amine, relates to a method in which a Schiff base obtained by the condensation of a fluorine-containing carbonyl compound and an asymmetric amine ((S)- or (R)-1-phenylethylamine) is treated in the presence of an appropriate organic base to hydrolyze a tautomeric imine obtained by asymmetrically performing an enzyme-like transamination reaction, yielding an asymmetric fluorine-containing amine.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a novel process for epoxidation of perfluoro-olefins.This invention relates to a process for epoxidizing a perfluoro-olefin, characterized by employing a tertiary amine N-oxide represented by the general formula (I): ##STR1## (wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a lower alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or an aromatic group which may have a nitro group or a cyano group as a substituent; provided that all of R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are selected from the above alkyl groups, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 may combine with one another directly or through oxygen atoms or nitrogen atoms to form a cyclic compound of 5-7 membered ring), or iodosobenzene.According to the present invention, perfluoro-olefins can be converted to corresponding perfluoroepoxides cheaply and in high yields.

Abstract: A photographic camera capable of recording additional image comprising: an optical assembly including a lens and a shutter to form an image of a photographed subject on an image recording medium; and an additional image sheet having an additional image comprising a light transmitting part and an opaque part, which is placed in an image forming optical passage between the optical assembly and the image recording medium being closely to or slightly in contact with the image recording medium. The camera is simple, economical and reliable. Any additional image can be easily recorded in desired color and size.

Abstract: The developing device provided in accordance with the invention includes a developer layer thickness controlling member for controlling the thickness of the developer through the developer carrier. The layer thickness controlling member is brought into press contact with the developer carrier downstream in the moving direction of the developer carrier. A first sealing member (48,49) is provided for cutting off the developer moving to both ends of the developer carrier. A second sealing member (50,51) is provided for shielding the junction of the developer carrier, the first sealing member, and the layer thickness controlling member. Finally, a sheet-shaped elastic body is provided for cutting off the developer which moves to the ends of the developer carrier.

Abstract: A developing device comprises a developer carrying means for carrying developer from a developer supplying means to an electrophotographic light-sensitive member having electrostatic latent image and a developer returning means for returning superfluous developer to the developer supplying means, thereby over-electrification of the developer is prevented.

Abstract: Dihydropyridine derivatives represented by formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.6, which may be the same or different, each represents an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group or an alkoxyalkyl group; R.sub.4 and R.sub.5, which may be the same or different, each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a halogenated alkyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, a halogenated alkoxy group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkxoy group, a cyano group, an alkoxycarbonyl group or an alkylthio group (provided that R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are not hydrogen atoms at the same time); X represents a vinylene group or an azomethine group; A and B are each an alkylene group or an alkenylene group; R.sub.7 and R.sub.8, which may be the same or different, each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group (provided that R.sub.7 and R.sub.

Abstract: A developing device for developing a latent electrostatic image for an electrophotographic copying machine includes a cylindrical resilient body such as a fur brush or a roller of sponge for triboelectrically uniformly charging a single component developer of the dry type supplied from a developer storage casing and for coating the developer as a uniform thin layer on a developer carrier such as a developing roller.

Abstract: Dihydropyridine derivatives of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, A, B are defined as in the specification and nontoxic acid-addition salts thereof, have an excellent calcium blocking action (Ca-antagonist), and antihypertensive action, a platelet aggregation-inhibiting action, a phosphodiesterase-inhibiting action and the like, and thus are useful as a medicine, such as a coronary vasocilator, a cerebral hyperkinemic, antihypertensive, thrombosis-preventing or -treating agents, phosphodiesterase-inhibitor or the like. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel perfluoro chemicals (PFC), particularly perfluorocyclic ethers and polyfluorinated compounds containing a few chlorine atoms and to a method for the preparation thereof.