Abstract: To realize a diffusion film in which arbitrary control of the diffuse light intensity distribution characteristics, and an angular range of diffusion does not change with respect to an incoming light from a specific angular range and a light-outgoing direction converting element that is high in efficiency of conversion of the outgoing direction, and has no limit in the angle of conversion of the outgoing direction, and to provide a thin-model high-quality projection display using the same as a screen.

Abstract: A rear projection display screen with a simplified structure that displays a high-quality image without the occurrence of stray light and moiré fringing is provided. The rear projection display screen includes a scattering film 2 that uniformly scatters light incident from an angle in a specific angular range (from ?? to ??) within a specific angular region (from ? to ?), and has a viewing angle of 40° or more in either the vertical direction or the horizontal direction or both the vertical direction and the horizontal direction. The rear projection display screen of the present invention may include a protective plate 3 disposed on the scattering film, if necessary, the protective plate 3 protecting the scattering film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a liquid crystal panel including a pair of substrates being disposed so as to oppose to each other and having electrodes and alignment films formed respectively on the opposing surfaces thereof, and liquid crystal layer in which nematic liquid crystal encapsulated between the pair of substrates is aligned in the horizontal direction to be at substantially 0° in twist angle by giving a pretilt in a predetermined direction by the alignment film, a polarizing plate(s) being arranged on the front side and back side of the liquid crystal panel and being set in direction of polarization to provide a black level when a drive voltage to be applied between the electrodes is brought into an OFF state, and optical compensating means disposed between the polarizing plate(s) and the liquid crystal panel for performing optical compensation for the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: In a measuring method for determining values of viscosity coefficients of a liquid crystal by fitting Ericksen-Leslie theoretical values to measured response characteristics, in the first step, ON response characteristics of a liquid crystal cell 10 with homogeneous alignment are initially measured, and a value of a rotational viscosity coefficient ?1 is determined from the measured ON response characteristics. Then, in the second step, OFF response characteristics are measured, and values of Miesovicz shear viscosity coefficients ?1 and ?2 are determined from the measured OFF response characteristics. In the calculation in the first step, the viscosity coefficients other than ?1 are assigned general values. In the calculation in the second step, ?1 is assigned the value determined in the first step.