Abstract: A detector includes a unit cell array in which a plurality of unit cells are arranged. The plurality of unit cells include a first unit cell including a first conversion element and a first amplification transistor including a control electrode connected to the first conversion element, the first unit cell being configured to output a signal obtained by amplifying the signal charge by the first amplification transistor, and a second unit cell including a second amplification transistor including a control electrode connected to a constant voltage source, the second amplification transistor being configured to output a signal corresponding to a voltage of the constant voltage source by the second amplification transistor. The first unit cell and the second unit cell are disposed in an irradiated region in the unit cell array, the irradiated region being configured to be irradiated with the energy beam.

Abstract: Frequency converting sections 104a to 104n convert the frequency of modulated transmission signals to signals of an intermediate frequency by multiplying the transmission signals by a local signal; filter sections 105a to 105n attenuate the transmission signals after frequency conversion in the frequency regions outside the frequency band of the desired signals; and E/O sections 106a to 106n convert the transmission signals from electric signals to optical signals and output them to the O/E sections 151a to 151n of the base station apparatus 150.

Abstract: An aqueous lubrication treatment liquid for a cold plastic working of a metallic material comprises 50 to 400 g/l of a solid lubricant, for example, MoS.sub.2, 1 to 40 g/l of a surfactant, 10 ppm to 5000 ppm, in terms of colloidal titanium compound, water, and optionally, 5 to 150 g/l of a binder and 4 to 160 g/l of a metallic soap. This liquid exhibits a strong bonding to the metallic material and an excellent lubricating property, and prevents rusting of the metallic material.