Abstract: A scale includes a diffraction grating configured to condense diffracted light in a periodic direction of the diffraction grating in order to detect a reference position. A light receiving element array is configured to receive light from the diffraction grating. The light receiving element array includes first to fourth light receiving elements configured to output signals having phases different from each other. The first light receiving element and the second light receiving element are adjacent to each other and are arranged between the third light receiving element and the fourth light receiving element. The processing unit generates a signal representing the reference position based on a differential signal between a signal from the first light receiving element and a signal from the third light receiving element and a differential signal between a signal from the second light receiving element and a signal from the fourth light receiving element.

Abstract: In a pneumatic tire including main grooves extending in a tire circumferential direction in a tread portion, and including a sipe extending in a tire lateral direction on a rib defined by the main grooves, the sipe includes an edge on a leading side and an edge on a trailing side, chamfered portions shorter than a sipe length of the sipe are formed on respective edges, non-chamfered regions on which no other chamfered portion exists exist on portions opposing to respective chamfered portions in the sipe, a maximum depth x (mm) of the sipe and a maximum depth y (mm) of the chamfered portion satisfy x×0.1?y?x×0.3+1.0, and a sipe width of the sipe is constant in a range from an end portion positioned inside in a tire radial direction of the chamfered portion to a groove bottom of the sipe.

Abstract: In a pneumatic tire, a sipe includes an edge on a leading side and an edge on a trailing side; the edge and the edge each include a chamfered portion shorter than a sipe length of the sipe; a non-chamfered region in which other chamfered portions are not present is provided at portions facing the chamfered portions of the sipe; and for all chamfered portions, including at least the chamfered portions of the sipe, formed on grooves other than main grooves, with a ground contact width being equally divided into three in the tire lateral direction, a total projected area ACE of chamfered portions provided in a center region centrally located in the tire lateral direction and each of total projected areas ASH of chamfered portions provided in shoulder regions located on either side of the center region satisfy a relationship ACE<ASH.

Abstract: A run-flat tire includes a belt reinforcing layer outward of a belt layer in a tire radial direction and reinforcing rubber in sidewall portions. Where a center region is a region of a tread portion in which a center land portion corresponding to a land portion included in land portions in a tread portion and located closest to a tire equatorial plane is positioned, the belt reinforcing layer includes a center reinforcing portion in which more pieces of the belt reinforcing layer are layered at a position of the center region than at positions other than the position of the center region, and in the belt reinforcing layer, a width Wc of the center reinforcing portion in a tire lateral direction with respect to a thickness Gr of the side reinforcing rubber at a tire maximum width position is within a range of 0.5 Gr?Wc?2.0 Gr.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire is provided. A rib includes a lug groove that opens at a first end portion to one of the main grooves and terminates at a second end portion within the rib, a first sipe that opens at a first end portion to the one of the main grooves the lug groove opens to and opens at a second end portion to the lug groove, and a second sipe that opens at a first end portion to another main groove located on the opposite side of the one of the main grooves the lug groove opens to and opens at a second end portion to the lug groove; and the first sipe and the second sipe each include a chamfered portion on the edge on the leading side or the edge on the trailing side.

Abstract: In a pneumatic tire, a sipe includes an edge on a leading side and an edge on a trailing side; the edge on the leading side and the edge on the trailing side each include a chamfered portion shorter than a sipe length of the sipe; a non-chamfered region in which other chamfered portions are not present is provided at portions facing the chamfered portions of the sipe; and for all chamfered portions, including at least the chamfered portions of the sipe, formed on grooves other than main grooves, a total projected area AIN of the chamfered portions located on a vehicle mounting inner side and a total projected area AOUT of the chamfered portions located on a vehicle mounting outer side satisfy a relationship AIN>AOUT.

Abstract: In a pneumatic tire, a sipe includes an edge on a leading side and an edge on a trailing side; the edge and the edge each include a chamfered portion shorter than a sipe length of the sipe; a non-chamfered region in which other chamfered portions are not present is provided at portions facing the chamfered portions of the sipe; and for all chamfered portions, including at least the chamfered portions of the sipe, formed on grooves other than main grooves, with a ground contact width being equally divided into three in the tire lateral direction, a total volume SCE of chamfered portions provided in a center region centrally located in the tire lateral direction and each of total volumes SSH of chamfered portions provided in shoulder regions located on either side of the center region satisfy a relationship SCE<SSH.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire is provided with a sipe including an edge on a leading side and an edge on a trailing side. The edge on the leading side and the edge on the trailing side each include a chamfered portion shorter than a sipe length of the sipe. A non-chamfered region in which other chamfered portions are not present is provided at portions facing the chamfered portions of the sipe. For all chamfered portions, including at least the chamfered portions of the sipe, formed on grooves other than main grooves, a total volume SIN of the chamfered portions located on a vehicle mounting inner side and a total volume SOUT of the chamfered portions located on a vehicle mounting outer side satisfy a relationship SIN>SOUT.

Abstract: Provided is a pneumatic tire. A sipe is formed, on each of a leading side edge and a trailing side edge, with a chamfered portion shorter than a sipe length of a sipe, a non-chamfered region in which no other chamfered portion is present is provided in a part facing each of the chamfered portions, at least one end of the sipe communicates with the auxiliary groove, one end of the chamfered portion adjacent to the auxiliary groove in the rib communicates with the auxiliary groove, a maximum depth×(mm) of the sipe and a maximum depth y (mm) of the chamfered portion satisfy a relationship x×0.1?y?x×0.3+1.0, and a sipe width W of the sipe is constant in a range from an end positioned in the radial direction inside the chamfered portion to a groove bottom of the sipe.

Abstract: Provided is a pneumatic tire including a plurality of main grooves extending in the tire circumferential direction in a tread portion and including a sipe extending in a tire width direction on a rib defined by a main groove, the sipe includes a leading side edge and a trailing side edge, a chamfered portion shorter than a sipe length of the sipe is formed in each of the leading side edge and the trailing side edge, a non-chamfered region including no other chamfered portion is present in a part facing each chamfered portion of the sipe, and the rib includes an intersecting groove intersecting with at least one out of the sipe and the chamfered portion.

Abstract: A rib of a pneumatic tire includes a first sipe extending from one of main grooves positioned on both sides of the rib and a second sipe extending from another one of the main grooves, one end portion of the first and second sipes terminating within the rib. The first and second sipes form a pair of sipes including edges on leading and trailing sides. Chamfered portions shorter than a total sipe length of the pair of sipes are formed on respective edges and non-chamfered regions exist on portions opposing respective chamfered portions in the pair of sipes. A maximum depth x (mm) of the sipes and a maximum depth y (mm) of the chamfered portion satisfy x×0.1?y?x×0.3+1.0. A sipe width is constant in a range from a portion positioned inside in a tire radial direction of the chamfered portion to a bottom of the sipes.

Abstract: Provided is a pneumatic tire. A sipe includes, on each of a leading side edge and a trailing side edge, a chamfered portion and a non-chamfered region in which no other chamfered portion is present. A maximum depth of the chamfered portion is shallower than a maximum depth of the sipe, and a width of the sipe is substantially constant. In a cross-sectional view perpendicular to a lengthwise direction of the sipe, at least one chamfered portion has a profile line that projects outwards in the radial direction beyond a chamfer reference line connecting the end portions of the chamfered portion, and a cross-sectional area of a chamfered region that is surrounded by the profile line, the sipe, and a tread contact surface of a tread portion is smaller than a cross-sectional area of a reference region surrounded by the chamfer reference line, the sipe, and the tread contact surface.

Abstract: A run-flat tire includes a belt reinforcing layer outward of a belt layer in a tire radial direction and reinforcing rubber in sidewall portions. Where a center region is a region of a tread portion in which a center land portion corresponding to a land portion included in land portions in a tread portion and located closest to a tire equatorial plane is positioned, the belt reinforcing layer includes a center reinforcing portion in which more pieces of the belt reinforcing layer are layered at a position of the center region than at positions other than the position of the center region, and in the belt reinforcing layer, a width Wc of the center reinforcing portion in a tire lateral direction with respect to a thickness Gr of the side reinforcing rubber at a tire maximum width position is within a range of 0.5 Gr?Wc?2.0 Gr.

Abstract: Provided is a pneumatic tire. A sipe includes, on each of a leading side edge and a trailing side edge, a chamfered portion and a non-chamfered region including no other chamfered portion. The maximum depth of the chamfered portion is shallower than the maximum depth of the sipe, and the sipe width is substantially constant. In a cross-sectional view, at least one chamfered portion includes a profile line that is convex inward in a tire radial direction with respect to a chamfer reference line connecting both ends of the chamfered portion; and a cross-sectional area of a chamfered region that is surrounded by the profile line, the sipe, and a tread contact surface of a tread portion is equal to or greater than a cross-sectional area of a reference region, the reference region being surrounded by the chamfer reference line, the sipe, and the tread contact surface.

Abstract: Provided is a pneumatic tire. A chamfered portion and a non-chamfered portion are provided in each of an edge on a leading side and an edge on a trailing side of a sipe. In a meridian cross-sectional view, a profile line of a rib projects further to an outer side in a tire radial direction than a reference tread profile line. A radius of curvature TR of the reference tread profile line and a radius of curvature RR of the profile line satisfy a relationship of TR>RR. The chamfered portions on both the leading side and the trailing side are disposed so as to straddle a maximum projection position. A maximum projection amount D of the rib with respect to the reference tread profile line and a maximum width W of the chamfered portion satisfy a relationship of 0.05 mm2<W×D<1.50 mm2.

Abstract: Provided is a pneumatic tire capable of providing improved steering stability performance on dry road surfaces and improved steering stability performance on wet road surfaces in a compatible manner. A chamfered portion (12A, 12B) and a non-chamfered portion (13A, 13B) are provided in each of an edge (11A) on a leading side and an edge (11B) on a trailing side of a sipe (11). In a meridian cross-sectional view, a profile line (PL1) of a rib (10) projects further to an outer side in a tire radial direction than a reference tread profile line (PL0). A radius of curvature TR (mm) of the reference tread profile line (PL0) and a radius of curvature RR (mm) of the profile line (PL1) satisfy a relationship of TR>RR. Only one of the chamfered portions (12A, 12B) on the leading side and the trailing side is disposed so as to straddle a maximum projection position (P).

Abstract: A scale includes a diffraction grating configured to condense diffracted light in a periodic direction of the diffraction grating in order to detect a reference position. A light receiving element array is configured to receive light from the diffraction grating. The light receiving element array includes first to fourth light receiving elements configured to output signals having phases different from each other. The first light receiving element and the second light receiving element are adjacent to each other and are arranged between the third light receiving element and the fourth light receiving element. The processing unit generates a signal representing the reference position based on a differential signal between a signal from the first light receiving element and a signal from the third light receiving element and a differential signal between a signal from the second light receiving element and a signal from the fourth light receiving element.

Abstract: An optical encoder includes a first grating pattern having a first pitch, a second grating pattern having a second pitch, a third grating pattern having a third pitch different from the second pitch, and a light receiving element configured to receive light from the third grating pattern in an order from a side of a light source, wherein first moire fringes including a shadow of the third grating pattern are formed on an exit plane of the third grating pattern due to a difference between the second pitch and the third pitch, and wherein the light receiving element receives light that forms second moire fringes in which the shadow of the third grating pattern is smoothed more than in the first moire fringes by placing the third grating pattern and the light receiving element away from each other.

Abstract: Provided is a pneumatic tire capable of providing improved steering stability performance on dry road surfaces and improved steering stability performance on wet road surfaces in a compatible manner. A sipe (12) includes at least one end communicating with a main groove (9) and a chamfered portion (13) in at least one edge, and the chamfered portion (13) includes at least one end open to the main groove (9). In a meridian cross-sectional view, a profile line (L1) projects further to an outer side in a tire radial direction than a reference tread profile line (L0). A radius of curvature (TR) (mm) of the reference tread profile line (L0) and a radius of curvature (RR) (mm) of the profile line (L1) of a rib (10) satisfy a relationship of TR>RR. The chamfered portion (13) is disposed straddling a maximum projection position (P) of the profile line (L1) of the rib (10).

Abstract: A pneumatic tire has an asymmetrical tread pattern and a designated vehicle mounting direction. A sipe includes a leading-side edge and a trailing-side edge, each provided with a chamfered portion shorter than a length of the sipe, and a non-chamfered region where other chamfered portions do not exist disposed in an area opposite the chamfered portion. The sipe has a maximum depth x (mm) and the chamfered portion has a maximum depth y (mm) that satisfy x×0.1?y?x×0.3+1.0. The sipe has a constant width in a range from an end portion of the chamfered portion positioned inward in a tire radial direction to a groove bottom of the sipe. A groove area of the chamfered portions and the sipes included within a ground contact region is greater on a vehicle mounting inner side than on a vehicle mounting outer side.