Abstract: A projector capable of increasing in the contrast by reducing the amount of leakage of light due to reflection of light on the surface of a retarder is to be provided. A retarder is placed and tilted in a direction so that the following conditional expression is satisfied, denoting a distance between a point A where the normal drawn from the center of a substrate plane of the retarder and a substrate plane of a polarizing beam splitter intersect and a point C where the substrate plane of the polarizing beam splitter and the optical axis of a projection system as AC, and a distance between a point B where the substrate plane of the polarizing beam splitter and the system optical axis intersect and the point C as BC: AC>BC.

Abstract: The data processor includes: a memory device for storing a program compiled by a compiler; and CPU operable to fetch an instruction code included by a program stored in the memory device. Further, the data processor has a filter for judging an instruction code which the compiler never outputs to limit, in action, CPU in case that CPU fetches the instruction code, which limits, in action, CPU in the case where the program is rewritten by not only an undefined instruction, but also an instruction other than an undefined instruction. The level of security is increased by limiting, in action, CPU.

Abstract: A projector includes: an illuminator that outputs illumination light; a light modulator including a liquid crystal panel and a structural birefringent polarization separation element having a polarization separation surface inclined away from a central axis of the illumination light, the light modulator modulating the illumination light from the illuminator; and a projection system that projects the light modulated by the light modulator, wherein the illumination light outputted from the illuminator has an angular distribution in a first direction, which is perpendicular to the central axis of the illumination light, smaller than the angular distribution in a second direction, which is perpendicular to the first direction and the central axis of the illumination light, and the polarization separation surface of the structural birefringent polarization separation element has a structure that is not periodic along the first direction but is periodic along the second direction.

Abstract: An optical device includes a vertically aligned liquid crystal cell that holds a liquid crystal material, a compensating element made of a negative uniaxial refractive material having an optical axis tilted with respect to a system optical axis, and having a fixed positional relation with the liquid crystal cell, an adjustment element having a planar shape and a phase difference in a plane perpendicular to the system optical axis, and a rotary adjustment mechanism that rotates the adjustment element in the plane perpendicular to the system optical axis to adjust the phase difference influencing light transmitted through the adjustment element.

Abstract: The invention aims to provide a powder cosmetic in which the powder component causes no aggregation and the surface powder component causes no caking in press processing even if a large amount of oily component is contained therein. Said powder cosmetic is characterized by comprising oblate cellulose particles and an oily component.

Abstract: An increase in safety from attacks by use of hardware-like methods by small-sized hardware is achieved. An encryption processing device includes a logical circuit capable of programmably setting logics for executing cipher processing, a memory that stores plural pieces of logical configuration information corresponding to an identical cipher processing algorithm, and a CPU that selectively sets plural logics corresponding to an identical cipher processing algorithm in the logical circuit. Even in processing using an identical cipher key, by changing the logic of the logical circuit for each processing, power consumption in cipher processing can be varied, and places a timing in which malfunctions occur can be varied. Moreover, an increase in the scale of hardware for realizing plural logics can be curbed.

Abstract: A projector includes: an optical modulator including a liquid crystal cell, a first optical element formed of an optical material having positive uniaxiality, a second optical element formed of an optical material having positive uniaxiality, a third optical element including at least one optical film formed of optical material having a refractive index anisotropy, and a pair of polarization elements; an adjustment mechanism that can adjust an optical azimuth of a first group, having at least one of the first optical element, second optical element, and at least one optical film included in the third optical element, with respect to a fixed optical azimuth of a second group as a remainder excluding the element included in the first group among the first to third optical elements; a light source generating light for illuminating the optical modulator; and a projection optical system projecting the light passed through the optical modulator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing ethanol by carrying out the following steps: performing enzymatic saccharification of pre-treated lignocellulosic biomass in a reaction system; performing ethanol fermentation of fermentable sugars obtained from the saccharified pre-treated lignocellulosic biomass in the same reaction zone as the enzymatic saccharification; distilling ethanol directly off from a reaction treatment liquid in the reaction zone, so as to recover the ethanol.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a liquid crystal cell including liquid crystal operating in a twisted nematic mode; a first quartz plate optically compensating for the liquid crystal cell; a second quartz plate optically compensating for the liquid crystal cell; and a pair of polarizing elements disposed with the liquid crystal cell, the first quartz plate, and the second quartz plate interposed therebetween. Here, the thickness d [?m] of the first and second quartz plates, the polar angle ? [°] of the optical axis of the first and second quartz plates, and the cell gap CG [?m] of the liquid crystal cell satisfy the following conditional expressions: 0.7(16 cos2 ??23.6 cos ?+14.6)(1+0.32(CG?3.0))<d??(1) d<1.3(16 cos2 ??23.6 cos ?+14.6))(1+0.32(CG?3.0))??(2).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a liquid crystal device; a first dust-proof plate made of a birefringent material, and disposed on one of a light entrance side and a light exit side of the liquid crystal device; and a second dust-proof plate made of an isotropic refractive material, and is disposed on the other of the light entrance side and the light exit side of the liquid crystal device.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a liquid crystal panel having a liquid crystal device and a dust-proof plate disposed on at least one of a light entrance side and a light exit side of the liquid crystal device; and a first polarization filter disposed so as to be opposed to the liquid crystal panel across the dust-proof plate, wherein a direction of an absorption axis of the first polarization filter and a direction of an optical axis of the dust-proof plate are perpendicular to each other, and the dust-proof plate is made of a positive uniaxial crystalline material, and satisfies a following relational expression denoting a refractive index difference with respect to two directions perpendicular to a system optical axis as ?n, a thickness in a system optical axis direction as d, and a wavelength to be used as ?, and using an integer N: N??nd/??N+1/2.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a fine fibrous cellulosic material capable of producing a saccharide in a high yield by hydrolysis; to provide a process for producing the fine fibrous cellulosic material from a cellulosic material; and to provide a process for producing the saccharide using the fine fibrous cellulosic material. [Means for Solving Problems] The present invention is the fine fibrous cellulosic material containing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which the fine fibrous cellulosic material has a width of 1 ?m or less and a length of 5,000 ?m or less and is used for glycation reaction by hydrolysis.

Abstract: A program to be executed by a computer is divided into a plurality of code blocks, and, a unique code block ID is allotted to each code block. At the moment when the execution of the program is started, the code block ID corresponding to the execution start address is written in a memory, and in the case when the control transits from the code block to other code block, by use of code block operation values obtained beforehand from these two code block IDs thereof, the code block ID in the memory is updated, and it is judged whether the updated code block ID in the memory and the code block ID allotted to the code block as the execution objective are identical or not so that a control flow error is detected.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to improve leak analysis resistance by improving randomness of a pseudorandom number. A pseudorandom number generator as a representative embodiment of the invention includes a shift resistor obtained by coupling a plurality of flip flop circuits and can generate a pseudorandom number by shifting signals by the shift register synchronously with a clock signal. A shift amount changing circuit capable of changing a shift amount in the shift register in accordance with a control signal supplied from the outside of the pseudorandom number generator is provided. By changing the shift amount in the shift register in accordance with a control signal supplied from the outside of the pseudorandom number generator by the shift amount changing circuit, it becomes difficult to make outputs of the pseudorandom number generator the same. By using such a pseudorandom number generator, leak analysis resistance can be improved.

Abstract: It is possible to achieve the protection of software with reduced overhead. For example, a memory for storing an encrypted code prepared in advance and a decryptor module for decrypting the code are provided. The decryptor module includes, for example, a three-stage pipeline and a selector for selecting one output from the outputs of each stage of the pipeline. When a branch instruction is issued and subsequent inputs of the pipeline are in the order of CD?1, CD?2, . . . , the decryptor module outputs a first decrypted code by performing a one-stage pipeline process to CD?1. Next, the decryptor module outputs a second decrypted code by performing a two-stage pipeline process to CD?2, and the decryptor module outputs a third decrypted code by performing a three-stage pipeline process to CD?3 (and subsequent codes). Therefore, in particular, the overhead to CD?1 can be reduced.

Abstract: An optical apparatus includes an optical element disposed on an optical path along which the light flux emitted from a light source travels, and a polarizing element disposed on the light flux emitting-side of the optical element. The polarizing element includes a first prism having a light flux incident-side end surface on which the light flux having emitted from the optical element is incident and an emitting-side inclined surface inclined to the light flux incident-side end surface, and a polarizing element body provided on the emitting-side inclined surface, the polarizing element body transmitting first linearly polarized light out of the light flux having passed through the first prism and reflecting second linearly polarized light polarized perpendicular to the first linearly polarized light toward the first prism. The optical element is integrated with the polarizing element with an interposed adhesive layer formed on the light flux incident-side end surface.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a liquid crystal panel which has a liquid crystal device containing liquid crystal operating in twist nematic mode and a micro-lens array disposed adjacent to the liquid crystal device; a first optical compensating plate disposed on the incident side of the liquid crystal panel to optically compensate the liquid crystal device; and a second optical compensating plate disposed on the exit side of the liquid crystal panel to optically compensate the liquid crystal device. A first retardation of the first optical compensating plate in system optical axis direction is larger than a second retardation of the second optical compensating plate in the system optical axis direction.

Abstract: An optical device includes a vertically aligned liquid crystal cell that holds a liquid crystal material, a compensating element made of a negative uniaxial refractive material having an optical axis tilted with respect to a system optical axis, and having a fixed positional relation with the liquid crystal cell, an adjustment element having a planar shape and a phase difference in a plane perpendicular to the system optical axis, and a rotary adjustment mechanism that rotates the adjustment element in the plane perpendicular to the system optical axis to adjust the phase difference influencing light transmitted through the adjustment element.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a liquid crystal cell including liquid crystal operating in a twisted nematic mode; a first quartz plate optically compensating for the liquid crystal cell; a second quartz plate optically compensating for the liquid crystal cell; and a pair of polarizing elements disposed with the liquid crystal cell, the first quartz plate, and the second quartz plate interposed therebetween. Here, the thickness d [?m] of the first and second quartz plates, the polar angle ? [°] of the optical axis of the first and second quartz plates, and the cell gap CG [?m] of the liquid crystal cell satisfy the following conditional expressions: 0.7(16 cos2 ??23.6 cos ?+14.6)(1+0.32(CG?3.0))<d ??(1) d<1.3(16 cos2 ??23.6 cos ?+14.6))(1+0.32(CG?3.0)) ??(2).

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to a provide tamper resistant information processing unit that is used as an IC card with a high level of security. To achieve the above-mentioned object, the information unit of the present invention comprises: a program container part for storing a program; a memory for storing data; an arithmetic unit for performing specified processing according to the program; a data bus for connecting the memory to the arithmetic unit; and a transform function for transforming a logical address and a physical address of the memory, said logical address being used for arithmetic operation by the arithmetic unit, said physical address being set at random corresponding to the logical address at each arithmetic operation or every time the information processing unit is started up.