Abstract: A silicate-coated body contains: a mica particle; a first silicate coating at least part of the mica particle; and an ionic organic colorant adsorbed to the first silicate. The ionic organic colorant includes at least one selected from the group consisting of amaranth, new coccine, phloxine B, rose bengal, acid red, fast green, indigo carmine, lithol rubine B, and lithol rubine BCA.

Abstract: A silicate-coated body contains: a mica particle; a first silicate coating at least part of the mica particle; and a functional substance that is carried by the first silicate.

Abstract: A display includes a transparent base having one surface on which a structure-forming layer, a light reflection layer and a protective layer are sequentially laminated. The light reflection layer reflects part of the incident light, while transmitting therethrough the rest of the light. The structure-forming layer includes a plurality of structure areas, and each of the plurality of structure areas is formed of a concavo-convex structure.

Abstract: A silicate-coated body has a substrate, silica and/or a silica modified product adhered to a surface of the substrate, and a first silicate coating at least part of the substrate via the silica and/or the silica modified product.

Abstract: An image display according to an embodiment includes a first image-displaying portion that displays first information about a certain object as a first image of object color, and a second image-displaying portion that displays second information about the object as a second image of structural color provided by a relief structure, the relief structure including at least one structure selected from the group consisting of diffraction grating, hologram, and light-scattering structure having an anisotropic light-scattering property. According to an example, the object is a person, and the first image includes a facial image of the person. A labeled article according to another embodiment includes the image display, and a substrate supporting the image display.

Abstract: An image display according to an embodiment includes a first image-displaying portion that displays first information about a certain object as a first image of object color, and a second image-displaying portion that displays second information about the object as a second image of structural color provided by a relief structure, the relief structure including at least one structure selected from the group consisting of diffraction grating, hologram, and light-scattering structure having an anisotropic light-scattering property. According to an example, the object is a person, and the first image includes a facial image of the person. A labeled article according to another embodiment includes the image display, and a substrate supporting the image display.

Abstract: An image display according to an embodiment includes a first image-displaying portion that displays first information about a certain object as a first image of object color, and a second image-displaying portion that displays second information about the object as a second image of structural color provided by a relief structure, the relief structure including at least one structure selected from the group consisting of diffraction grating, hologram, and light-scattering structure having an anisotropic light-scattering property. According to an example, the object is a person, and the first image includes a facial image of the person. A labeled article according to another embodiment includes the image display, and a substrate supporting the image display.

Abstract: A display includes a transparent base having one surface on which a structure-forming layer, a light reflection layer and a protective layer are sequentially laminated. The light reflection layer reflects part of the incident light, while transmitting therethrough the rest of the light. The structure-forming layer includes a plurality of structure areas, and each of the plurality of structure areas is formed of a concavo-convex structure.

Abstract: An image display according to an embodiment includes a first image-displaying portion that displays first information about a certain object as a first image of object color, and a second image-displaying portion that displays second information about the object as a second image of structural color provided by a relief structure, the relief structure including at least one structure selected from the group consisting of diffraction grating, hologram, and light-scattering structure having an anisotropic light-scattering property. According to an example, the object is a person, and the first image includes a facial image of the person. A labeled article according to another embodiment includes the image display, and a substrate supporting the image display.

Abstract: A spark-ignition gasoline engine having at least a spark plug, the engine including an engine body having a geometrical compression ratio set at 14 or more, and an intake valve and an exhaust valve provided, respectively, in intake and exhaust ports connected to each of a plurality of cylinders of the engine body. The intake and exhaust valves are adapted to open and close corresponding respective ones of the intake and exhaust ports. The engine further includes an operation-state detector adapted to detect an operation state of the engine body and a control system adapted, based on detection of the operation-state detector, to perform at least an adjustment control of an ignition timing of the spark plug, the control system being operable, when an engine operation zone is a high-load operation zone including a wide open throttle region within at least a low speed range, to retard the ignition timing to a point within a predetermined stroke range just after a top dead center of a compression stroke.

Abstract: A spark-ignition gasoline engine having at least a spark plug, the engine including an engine body having a geometrical compression ratio set at 14 or more, and an intake valve and an exhaust valve provided, respectively, in intake and exhaust ports connected to each of a plurality of cylinders of the engine body. The intake and exhaust valves are adapted to open and close corresponding respective ones of the intake and exhaust ports. The engine further includes an operation-state detector adapted to detect an operation state of the engine body and a control system adapted, based on detection of the operation-state detector, to perform at least an adjustment control of an ignition timing of the spark plug, the control system being operable, when an engine operation zone is a high-load operation zone including a wide open throttle region within at least a low speed range, to retard the ignition timing to a point within a predetermined stroke range just after a top dead center of a compression stroke.

Abstract: Disclosed is a spark-ignition gasoline engine, which comprises control means operable, when an engine operation zone is a high-load operation zone including a WOT region within at least a low speed range, to adjust a closing timing of an intake valve in such a manner as to maintain an effective compression ratio at 13 or more, and retard an ignition timing to a point within a predetermined stroke range just after a top dead center of a compression stroke, wherein the effective compression ratio is calculated based on an intake-valve closing timing defined by a valve lift amount of 1 mm. The present invention can provide a spark-ignition gasoline engine having both a low-cost performance and a high engine-power performance even in a high-load operation zone (particularly WOT region) in a low speed range.

Abstract: Disclosed is a spark-ignition gasoline engine, which comprises control means operable, when an engine operation zone is a high-load operation zone including a WOT region within at least a low speed range, to adjust a closing timing of an intake valve in such a manner as to maintain an effective compression ratio at 13 or more, and retard an ignition timing to a point within a predetermined stroke range just after a top dead center of a compression stroke, wherein the effective compression ratio is calculated based on an intake-valve closing timing defined by a valve lift amount of 1 mm. The present invention can provide a spark-ignition gasoline engine having both a low-cost performance and a high engine-power performance even in a high-load operation zone (particularly WOT region) in a low speed range.

Abstract: For the purpose of improving the fuel efficiency by lean combustion and enhancing the fuel efficiency improvement effects by performing compression ignition efficiently in some cylinders, a multi-cylinder spark ignition engine is constructed such that exhaust gas, that is exhausted from preceding cylinders 2A, 2D on the exhaust stroke side among pairs of cylinders whose exhaust stroke and intake stroke overlap in a low load, low rotational speed region, is directly introduced through an inter-cylinder gas passage 22 into following cylinders 2B, 2C on the intake stroke side and only gas exhausted from the following cylinders 2B, 2C is fed to an exhaust passage 20, which is provided with a three-way catalyst 24.

Abstract: The invention is intended to provide improved emission-cleaning performance by use of a three-way catalyst alone, without the need for a lean NOx catalyst, while ensuring a fuel economy improvement effect of lean burn operation. A multicylinder spark-ignition engine is constructed such that, in a pair of preceding and following cylinders whose exhaust and intake strokes overlap each other, burned gas discharged from the preceding cylinder (2A, 2D) which is currently in the exhaust stroke is introduced directly into the following cylinder (2B, 2C) which is currently in the intake stroke through an intercylinder gas channel (22) and gas discharged from only the following cylinder (2B, 2C) is led to an exhaust passage (20) provided with a three-way catalyst (24) in a low-load, low-speed operating range.

Abstract: Burned gas discharged from an exhaust stroke side preceding cylinder of a pair of cylinders having an overlapping exhaust stroke and intake stroke is introduced as is into an intake stroke side following cylinder through an intercylinder gas channel, and only the gas which is discharged from the following cylinder is led into an exhaust passage. Particularly during low loads and idling, combustion is performed in the preceding cylinder at an ultra-lean air-fuel ratio of at least three times the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, and in the following cylinder, combustion is performed by spark ignition at a substantially stoichiometric air-fuel ratio by feeding fuel to the burned gas introduced from the preceding cylinder. In the following cylinder, combustion is performed through compression ignition in accordance with increases in the load.

Abstract: A control device for a spark-ignition engine, in which a mixture in a combustion chamber is fired by compression ignition in a part-load range under warm-running conditions, includes an EGR controller incorporating a valve operation controller for controlling internal EGR of hot burned gas and a cold EGR controller for controlling external EGR of cold burned gas. The EGR controller performs EGR control operation to leave the hot EGR gas in the combustion chamber in a lower-load, lower-speed region within a compression ignition combustion range and to introduce the cold EGR gas into the combustion chamber in a higher-load, higher-speed region within the compression ignition combustion range. The control device further includes a firing assist unit for inducing the compression ignition at least when ignitability of the mixture decreases due to introduction of the cold EGR gas in the compression ignition combustion range.

Abstract: A control device switches an engine between normal operation mode and special operation mode. In the normal operation mode, an independent cylinder configuration is formed to produce combustion independently in individual cylinders. In the special operation mode, a two-cylinder interconnect configuration is formed so that burned gas discharged from preceding cylinders currently in an exhaust stroke is introduced into following cylinders currently in an intake stroke through intercylinder gas channels, a lean mixture having a high air-fuel ratio is combusted in the preceding cylinders, and a mixture produced by supplying fuel to the burned gas is combusted in the following cylinders.

Abstract: A control device for a multicylinder spark-ignition engine includes a flow path switching unit for switching intake and exhaust flow paths between a two-cylinder interconnect configuration and an independent cylinder configuration and an air-fuel ratio control unit. In a low-load, low-speed operating range, the flow path switching unit switches the engine to the two-cylinder interconnect configuration, and the air-fuel ratio control unit produces a lean mixture having an air-fuel ratio larger than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio by a specific amount in preceding cylinders by injecting fuel thereinto and an air-fuel ratio approximately equal to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio in following cylinders by supplying fuel together with burned gas of a lean mixture state discharged from the preceding cylinders into the following cylinders to perform combustion in special operation mode.

Abstract: Intake air/exhaust gas flow control is performed in an partial load range of an engine such that burned gas which is discharged from an exhaust stroke side preceding cylinder of a pair of cylinders having an overlapping exhaust stroke and intake stroke is introduced into an intake stroke side following cylinder through an intercylinder gas channel. In an operating range set as a special operation mode, a combustion condition controller executes control such that combustion is performed in the following cylinder by means of compression ignition. In an operating condition in which knocking is likely to occur within the compression ignition range of the following cylinder, control is executed by a fuel injection controller such that the timing of fuel injection into the following cylinder is retarded relative to that of an operating condition in which knocking is unlikely to occur.