Abstract: In an optical distance measuring apparatus, a transmitter has a light-emitting device emitting an optical signal synchronized with a modulating signal having a predetermined repetition frequency, and a modulating signal generator outputting the modulating signal to the light-emitting device. A receiver has a photodetector receiving an optical beam reflected by an object to be measured and converting it to an electrical signal, a switch receiving the signal from the modulating signal generator and alternately choosing two channels for the electrical signal with a predetermined timing, and first and second storage sections storing electrical signals on the two channels. A signal processing section has a differential operation section performing a differential operation on electrical signals stored in the first and second storage sections, and a distance determining section determining a distance to the object on the basis of the result of the differential operation of the differential operation section.

Abstract: The optical object discriminating device includes a light projecting part which applies light, which is emitted from a semiconductor light emitting element, to a measuring object which is an object to be measured, and a light receiving part which receives reflected light reflected by the measuring object. Between the light receiving part and the measuring object is placed a polarization-state selector part which permits polarized light of a specified polarization direction to pass therethrough. A signal processing part processes a signal outputted by the light receiving part, and measures intensity of light of the polarization direction permitted by the polarization-state selector part to pass therethrough.

Abstract: There is provided an optical velocimeter for achieving miniaturization and lower power consumption thereof and for accurately detecting two-dimensional travel velocity of a measured object. This optical velocimeter includes a light-emitting element, a diffraction grating, two light-receiving sections, and a signal processing circuit. Light emitted from the light-emitting element is branched by the diffraction grating into three light fluxes, and optical axes of the divided light fluxes are intersected one another on the measured object to form one detection point. Scattered light from the detection point frequency-shifted by travel of the measured object is then received by the two light-receiving sections, and a light-reception signals outputted from the light-receiving sections are processed in the signal processing circuit to detect travel velocities of two directions of the measured object.

Abstract: In an optical movement information detector, light emitted from a laser diode (1) is split into a first beam (10), a second beam (11) and a third beam (12) by beam splitters (2a, 2b). The first, second and third beams are converged by a condenser lens (4) upon a surface of an object to be measured (5) to form a beam spot (13) thereon. Diffused light from the beam spot (13) is received by a photodiode (6) and an output signal of the photodiode (6) is processed by a signal processing circuit (20) including an analog-digital converter (8) and a Fourier transforming unit (9). A detecting section (21) obtains, for example, a moving velocity and a moving direction of the object based on spectrum peak frequencies obtained by the Fourier transform.

Abstract: In the optical distance measuring device of the invention, a second optical path is formed by a transparent resin formed in a region where a light emitting element and a second light receiving part are connected directly to each other. As the temperature increases, the length of the optical path increases while its refractive index decreases, so that the optical path length itself becomes generally constant. Therefore, the length of the second optical path can be kept generally constant independently of temperature. Further, a first light receiving part for a first optical path and a second light receiving part for the second optical path 18 are formed in one identical light receiving element. Therefore, characteristic variations of the first light receiving part and the second light receiving part due to temperature can be reduced. This optical distance measuring device can achieve high distance measuring accuracy even under environments of intense temperature changes.

Abstract: In an optical distance measuring apparatus, a transmitter has a light-emitting device emitting an optical signal synchronized with a modulating signal having a predetermined repetition frequency, and a modulating signal generator outputting the modulating signal to the light-emitting device. A receiver has a photodetector receiving an optical beam reflected by an object to be measured and converting it to an electrical signal, a switch receiving the signal from the modulating signal generator and alternately choosing two channels for the electrical signal with a predetermined timing, and first and second storage sections storing electrical signals on the two channels. A signal processing section has a differential operation section performing a differential operation on electrical signals stored in the first and second storage sections, and a distance determining section determining a distance to the object on the basis of the result of the differential operation of the differential operation section.

Abstract: A first luminous flux emitted from the front end face of a LD is reflected by a mirror to be made incident on a detection point on the surface of a measuring object, and a second luminous flux emitted from the rear end face of the LD is reflected by another mirror to be made incident on the detection point. Scattered light from the first detection point is received in a photodiode. A signal processing circuit part calculates the frequency shift quantity of the scattered light based on output from the photodiode. As a result, a velocimeter is provided which detects the moving speed of a measuring object highly precisely.

Abstract: In the color information measuring device, the print object information measuring device, the printing device and the electronic equipment, three light fluxes of mutually different wavelengths applied to a measurement object from a red LED, a green LED and a blue LED of a light-emitting part have a common illumination area on the measurement object. The common illumination area on the measurement object contains such an observation area on the measurement object that a reflected ray is made to be incident on a photodiode via a condenser lens and a slit member. Therefore, the common illumination area in which three light fluxes of different wavelengths overlap with one another can reliably be made to be an observation area, so that intensities of a plurality of reflected rays of different wavelengths derived from the observation area can be observed equivalently, hence an improved measurement accuracy.

Abstract: Two different phase components obtained by splitting interference light of light from an object by a diffraction grating are guided to first and second PD's by a second optical system. A first signal is outputted from a first signal processing circuit section that receives light reception signal from first PD, and a second signal is outputted from a second signal processing circuit section that receives a light reception signal from the second PD. A third signal of an interference light signal whose noise component is removed is outputted by a third signal processing circuit section using the first signal and the second signal. Then, the frequency of the third signal is detected, and the movement velocity of the object is detected by a movement velocity detection section on the basis of the frequency.

Abstract: The optical object discriminating device includes a light projecting part which applies light, which is emitted from a semiconductor light emitting element, to a measuring object which is an object to be measured, and a light receiving part which receives reflected light reflected by the measuring object. Between the light receiving part and the measuring object is placed a polarization-state selector part which permits polarized light of a specified polarization direction to pass therethrough. A signal processing part processes a signal outputted by the light receiving part, and measures intensity of light of the polarization direction permitted by the polarization-state selector part to pass therethrough.

Abstract: Two different phase components obtained by splitting interference light of light from an object by a diffraction grating are guided to first and second PD's by a second optical system. A first signal is outputted from a first signal processing circuit section that receives light reception signal from first PD, and a second signal is outputted from a second signal processing circuit section that receives a light reception signal from the second PD. A third signal of an interference light signal whose noise component is removed is outputted by a third signal processing circuit section using the first signal and the second signal. Then, the frequency of the third signal is detected, and the movement velocity of the object is detected by a movement velocity detection section on the basis of the frequency.

Abstract: In an optical movement information detector, light emitted from a laser diode (1) is split into a first beam (10), a second beam (11) and a third beam (12) by beam splitters (2a, 2b). The first, second and third beams are converged by a condenser lens (4) upon a surface of an object to be measured (5) to form a beam spot (13) thereon. Diffused light from the beam spot (13) is received by a photodiode (6) and an output signal of the photodiode (6) is processed by a signal processing circuit (20) including an analog-digital converter (8) and a Fourier transforming unit (9). A detecting section (21) obtains, for example, a moving velocity and a moving direction of the object based on spectrum peak frequencies obtained by the Fourier transform.

Abstract: There is provided an optical velocimeter for achieving miniaturization and lower power consumption thereof and for accurately detecting two-dimensional travel velocity of a measured object. This optical velocimeter includes a light-emitting element, a diffraction grating, two light-receiving sections, and a signal processing circuit. Light emitted from the light-emitting element is branched by the diffraction grating into three light fluxes, and optical axes of the divided light fluxes are intersected one another on the measured object to form one detection point. Scattered light from the detection point frequency-shifted by travel of the measured object is then received by the two light-receiving sections, and a light-reception signals outputted from the light-receiving sections are processed in the signal processing circuit to detect travel velocities of two directions of the measured object.

Abstract: A first luminous flux emitted from the front end face of a LD is reflected by a mirror to be made incident on a detection point on the surface of a measuring object, and a second luminous flux emitted from the rear end face of the LD is reflected by another mirror to be made incident on the detection point. Scattered light from the first detection point is received in a photodiode. A signal processing circuit part calculates the frequency shift quantity of the scattered light based on output from the photodiode. As a result, a velocimeter is provided which detects the moving speed of a measuring object highly precisely.

Abstract: A thermal head for a thermal recording machine including an insulating substrate which is composed of a printed circuit board made of a heat resistant resin and covered with a copper film, a plurality of thermal resistors disposed on the insulating substrate in the direction corresponding to the scanning, discrete electrodes electrically connecting first ends of the thermal resistors to a control element, a common electrode electrically connecting the other ends of the thermal resistors together, a heat releasing layer formed of the copper film of the insulating substrate on the lower portions of the thermal resistors, and a thermal accumulating layer of a polyimide resin covering the heat releasing layer.

Abstract: A thermal head including a substrate, a plurality of thermal resistance elements formed on the substrate corresponding to print dots, a driving device for applying pulse voltage to the thermal resistance elements corresponding to print data, a temperature sensor provided on the substrate for sensing the temperature of the substrate, and an analog controller provided on the substrate and receiving an output from the temperature sensor for controlling the pulse voltage, so as to unify the print characteristic of the thermal resistance elements.

Abstract: A thermal printing head includes an insulating substrate formed of a heat resisting cloth impregnated with a heat resisting resin. A plurality of heating elements of an electrically resistive material are linearly disposed on the substrate. A shield layer is interposed between the heating elements and the substrate for preventing the substrate from exerting chemical influence on the heating elements. A plurality of conduction controlling devices mounted on the substrate is included for controlling electric conduction of the heating elements corresponding to print data. A common electrode is formed on the substrate for commonly connecting an end of each of the heating elements. A discrete electrode is formed on the substrate for connecting the other end of each of the heating elements to the conduction controlling device. Finally, metal layer is interposed between the heating elements and the electrodes for connecting both of them in an ohmic contact.

Abstract: A thermal head including a substrate, a thermal element array including a plurality of thermal elements linearly disposed on the substrate, a plurality of driver ICs provided on the substrate and including a plurality of drive circuit elements for controlling the thermal elements through electric conduction in accordance with a print signal, two common electrode patterns provided on the substrate, a first wiring pattern provided on the substrate for connecting each one end of each adjacent pair of the thermal elements commonly to one of the drive circuit elements, second and third wiring patterns provided on the substrate for connecting the other ends of the thermal elements separately to two common electrodes, the plurality of driver ICs being disposed along the thermal element array, the two common electrodes being arranged on opposite sides of the thermal element array and output terminals of the driver ICs, one of the adjacent thermal elements being formed of a single thermal resistor while the other is f