Abstract: A bicycle hub assembly comprises a hub axle, a hub body, and a sprocket support structure. The hub axle includes an axle through-bore that has an axle minimum inner diameter equal to or larger than 13 mm. The hub body has a first body end and a second body end opposite to the first body end in an axial direction with respect to a rotational center axis. The sprocket support structure is rotatably mounted on the hub axle about the rotational center axis. The sprocket support structure includes a first torque-transmitting profile and a first externally-threaded portion. The first torque-transmitting profile is configured to transmit a rotational force. The first externally-threaded portion is configured to threadedly engage with a first internally-threaded portion of a first lock member. The first torque-transmitting profile is closer to the first body end than the first externally-threaded portion in the axial direction.

Abstract: A bicycle rear sprocket assembly comprises at least one sprocket and an internal cavity. The at least one sprocket includes at least ten internal spline teeth configured to engage with a bicycle hub assembly. The at least ten internal spline teeth have an internal-spline major diameter. The internal cavity has a maximum outer diameter larger than the internal-spline major diameter.

Abstract: An electrical bicycle operating system comprises a first switch, a second switch, and a controller. The first switch is configured to generate a first signal. The second switch is configured to generate a second signal. The controller is configured to generate a third signal different from the first signal and the second signal in response to a concurrent operation of the first switch and the second switch. The controller is configured to generate a fourth signal different from the third signal in response to a release of the first switch in a state where the second switch is operated continuously after the concurrent operation.

Abstract: A bicycle hub assembly comprises a hub axle, a hub body, a sprocket support structure, and a brake-rotor support structure. The sprocket support structure includes a first torque-transmitting profile and a first externally-threaded portion. The first torque-transmitting profile is configured to transmit a rotational force between the sprocket support structure and a bicycle sprocket assembly. The first externally-threaded portion is configured to threadedly engage with a first internally-threaded portion of a first lock member. The brake-rotor support structure includes a radially external surface, a radially internal surface, and a second torque-transmitting profile configured to transmit a rotational force between the brake-rotor support structure and a brake rotor. The second torque-transmitting profile is provided on the radially external surface.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device comprises a base member, an operating member, a hydraulic unit, an electrical switch, a wireless communicator, and a power supply. The base member includes a first end to be mounted to a bicycle handlebar and a second end opposite to the first end. The operating member is pivotally coupled to the base member about a first pivot axis. The wireless communicator is electrically connected to the electrical switch to wirelessly transmit a signal to an additional component in response to an input operation. The power supply is electrically connected to the wireless communicator to supply electrical power to the wireless communicator. The hydraulic unit at least partly overlaps with at least one of the wireless communicator and the power supply when viewed from a first direction parallel to the first pivot axis.

Abstract: A bicycle operation device includes a clamp and an operation unit. The clamp is attachable to a handlebar of a bicycle. The operation unit includes a wireless communicator configured to communicate with a bicycle component and an electric switch configured to transmit a signal to the wireless communicator. The operation unit is attachable to the clamp in a manner allowing for adjustment of the position of the operation unit relative to the clamp.

Abstract: A bicycle operation device is provided that allows for easy operation of operation units. The bicycle operation device includes a clamp, a first operation unit and a second operation unit. The clamp is attachable to a handlebar of a bicycle. The first operation unit including an operation lever, and is coupled to the clamp. The second operation unit includes an electric switch and is attached to the clamp.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device comprises a base member, an operating member, a hydraulic unit, an electrical switch, a wireless communicator, and a power supply. The base member includes a first end and a second end opposite to the first end. The operating member is pivotally coupled to the base member about a first pivot axis. At least part of the hydraulic unit is disposed closer to the second end than the first pivot axis when viewed from a first direction parallel to the first pivot axis. The power supply is electrically connected to the wireless communicator to supply electrical power to the wireless communicator. At least one of the wireless communicator and the power supply is at least partly disposed closer to the first end than the first pivot axis when viewed from the first direction.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device comprises a base member, an operating member, a hydraulic unit, an electrical switch, a wireless communicator, and a power supply. The base member includes a first end to be mounted to a bicycle handlebar and a second end opposite to the first end. The operating member is pivotally coupled to the base member about a first pivot axis. The wireless communicator is electrically connected to the electrical switch to wirelessly transmit a signal to an additional component in response to an input operation. The power supply is electrically connected to the wireless communicator to supply electrical power to the wireless communicator. The hydraulic unit at least partly overlaps with at least one of the wireless communicator and the power supply when viewed from a first direction parallel to the first pivot axis.

Abstract: A base member includes a first end to be mounted to a bicycle handlebar and a second end opposite to the first end. An operating member is pivotally coupled to the base member about a first pivot axis. A hydraulic unit is coupled to the operating member to operate a bicycle component in response to an operation of the operating member. At least part of the hydraulic unit is disposed closer to the first end than the first pivot axis when viewed from a first direction parallel to the first pivot axis. A wireless communicator is to wirelessly transmit a signal to an additional component in response to the input operation. A power supply is electrically connected to the wireless communicator. At least one of the wireless communicator and the power supply is disposed closer to the second end than the first pivot axis when viewed from the first direction.

Abstract: A base member includes a first end to be mounted to a bicycle handlebar and a second end opposite to the first end. An operating member is pivotally coupled to the base member about a first pivot axis. A hydraulic unit is coupled to the operating member to operate a bicycle component in response to an operation of the operating member. An electrical switch is to be activated by an input operation from a user. A wireless communicator is electrically connected to the electrical switch to wirelessly transmit a signal to an additional component in response to the input operation. A power supply is electrically connected to the wireless communicator to supply electrical power to the wireless communicator. At least part of the hydraulic unit is disposed below at least one of the wireless communicator and the power supply in a mounting state of the bicycle operating device.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device comprises a base member, a brake operating member, an additional operating member, an electrical switch, and a wireless communication unit. The brake operating member is movably coupled to the base member. The additional operating member is movably coupled to the brake operating member. The electrical switch is to provide an electric signal in response to a movement of the additional operating member. The electrical switch is disposed at the additional operating member. The wireless communication unit is connected to the electrical switch to transmit a wireless signal based on the electric signal. The wireless communication unit is disposed at one of the base member and the brake operating member.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device comprises a base member, a brake operating member, an additional operating member, an electrical switch, and a wireless communication unit. The brake operating member is movably coupled to the base member. The additional operating member is movably coupled to the base member. The electrical switch is to provide an electric signal in response to a movement of the additional operating member. The electrical switch is disposed at the brake operating member. The wireless communication unit is connected to the electrical switch to transmit a wireless signal based on the electric signal.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device comprises a base member, a brake operating lever, an additional operating lever, an electrical switch, and a wireless communication unit. The brake operating lever is pivotally coupled to the base member in a first direction. The additional operating lever is pivotally coupled to one of the base member and the brake operating lever in a second direction and in a third direction different from the first direction and the second direction. The electrical switch is to provide an electric signal in response to a movement of the additional operating lever in the third direction. The electrical switch is disposed at the base member. The wireless communication unit is connected to the electrical switch to transmit a wireless signal based on the electric signal.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device comprises a base member, a brake operating member, an electrical switch, and a wireless communication unit. The brake operation member is movably coupled to the base member. The brake operating member is movable relative to the base member in a first direction and movable relative to the base member in a second direction different from the first direction. The electrical switch is to provide an electric signal in response to a movement of the brake operating member in the second direction. The electrical switch is disposed at one of the base member and the brake operating member. The wireless communication unit is connected to the electrical switch to transmit a wireless signal based on the electric signal.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device comprises a base member, a brake operating member, an electrical switch, and a wireless communication unit. The brake operating member is movably coupled to the base member. The electrical switch is to provide an electric signal. The electrical switch is disposed at one of the base member and the brake operating member. The wireless communication unit is connected to the electrical switch to transmit a wireless signal based on the electric signal. The wireless communication unit is disposed at the other of the base member and the brake operating member.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device comprises a base member, a brake operating member, an additional operating member, an electrical switch, and a wireless communication unit. The brake operating member is movably coupled to the base member in a first direction. The additional operating member is movably coupled to the base member in a second direction and in a third direction different from the first direction and the second direction. The electrical switch is to provide an electric signal in response to a movement of the additional operating member in the third direction. The electrical switch is disposed at the additional operating member. The wireless communication unit is connected to the electrical switch to transmit a wireless signal based on the electric signal.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device comprises a base member, a brake operating member, an additional operating member, an electrical switch, and a wireless communication unit. The brake operating member is movably coupled to the base member. The additional operating member is movably coupled to the brake operating member. The electrical switch is to provide an electric signal in response to a movement of the additional operating member. The electrical switch is disposed at the brake operating member. The wireless communication unit is connected to the electrical switch to transmit a wireless signal based on the electric signal. The wireless communication unit is disposed at the additional operating member.

Abstract: An organ regeneration device adapted to be used by placing it into a defective portion of an organ to regenerate the organ is provided. The organ regeneration device has a base body having a shape corresponding to a shape of the defective portion of the organ. The organ regeneration device also has particles carried on the base body, wherein the particles are composed of a different material from that of the base body. The organ regeneration device also has a growth-related substance contained in the organ regeneration device for growth and differentiation of cells around the defective portion. The growth-related substance contains an angiogenesis factor. Further, the growth-related substance contains nucleic acid containing a base sequence coding for amino-acid sequence of a growth factor different from the angiogenesis factor. Furthermore, the nucleic acid is introduced into a host cell.

Abstract: A porous composite comprising a porous layer containing a calcium phosphate ceramic, and a dense layer formed on part of the porous layer and having a smaller average pore size than that of the porous layer. The porous composite can be produced by (1) introducing a slurry containing a calcium phosphate ceramic/collagen composite and collagen into a molding die having a high thermal conductivity, (2) rapidly freezing and drying the slurry in the molding die, to form a porous body comprising a porous layer and a dense layer formed on the porous layer, (3) cross-linking collagen in the porous body, and (4) removing the dense layer except for a portion thereof on a surface coming into contact with a soft tissue when implanted in a human body, so that the porous layer is exposed.