Abstract: A vaporization system includes a vaporization chamber having a first portion and a second portion. A first fluid supply part is connected to the first portion of the vaporization chamber, and configured to supply a mixed fluid in which a first carrier gas and a liquid precursor are mixed, toward the second portion. A second fluid supply part is configured to supply a second carrier gas toward the mixed fluid at the second portion.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus comprising a first substrate with pixel electrodes formed in regions surrounded by a plurality of scanning lines and signal lines, a second substrate on which a transparent electrode is formed, orientation controlling means formed at least on either the first substrate or the second substrate, alignment films deposited on both substrates to which vertical treatment is applied, and a liquid crystal layer having negative dielectric anisotropy, which is sandwiched between both substrates, wherein liquid crystal molecules are vertically aligned when no electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer, and tilt to be aligned in directions controlled by the orientation controlling means when electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer, whereby the orientation controlling means is positioned to be approximately linearly symmetrical by using a scanning line and a signal line as boundaries such that the position of the orientation controlling means in relation to pixel

Abstract: A color liquid crystal display includes a cholesteric liquid crystal layer for selectively reflecting at high efficiency circularly polarized light having a specific wavelength, for example, a wavelength corresponding to red, blue or green, a birefringent layer formed on the liquid crystal layer, and a polarize plate formed on the birefringent layer. The birefringent layer includes a pair of electrodes and a nematic liquid crystal layer formed between the electrodes. Circularly polarized light of a specific wavelength that is selectively reflected by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer has its vibration direction rotated by retardation of the birefringent layer 20 when an electric field is not applied to the liquid crystal. When an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer, the reflected circularly polarized light is directly transmitted through the birefringent layer.

Abstract: A field effect type liquid crytal display device suitable for use in a high level multiplexing drive, has liquid crystal molecules twisted with an angle from 180.degree. to 350.degree. which are held between two polarizers. The liquid crystal display device generates an interference color due to a birefringent effect of liquid crystal. The occurrence the of this interference color can be prevented by laminating color compensation plates but if the thickness of the optical system increases, a deviation in a display position or a change in the contrast occurs dependent on the observing direction. A phase compensation for the color interference of the liquid crystal is achieved by setting the retardation of the liquid crystal cells having a large twist angle of the liquid crystal molecules and by laminating thin phase plates. Thus, the display quality is improved and the optical axis of an achromatic display can be easily adjusted.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device has substrates opposed to each other, a nematic liquid crystal layer having a positive dielectric anisotropy and homogeneously oriented to have a twisted structure where liquid crystal molecules are twisted with a twist angle from 180.degree. to 300.degree., the nematic liquid crystal layer being held between the substrates, polarizers between which the liquid crystal layer is placed, and a phase plate placed between the liquid crystal layer and one of the polarizers. In this display device, a product .DELTA.n.multidot.d(PH) of a birefringent anisotropy .DELTA.n and a thickness d of the liquid crystal layer and a product .DELTA.n.multidot.d(PH) of a birefringent anisotropy .DELTA.n and a thickness d of the phase plate satisfy a relational condition:0.0<.DELTA.n.multidot.d(LC)-.DELTA.n.multidot.d(PH)<600 nm.