Abstract: An electrophotographic electro-conductive member comprising an electro-conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive elastic layer on the electro-conductive mandrel, wherein the electro-conductive elastic layer has an elastic coefficient of 1 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less, as well as a matrix containing first rubber and a plurality of electro-conductive domains dispersed in the matrix. Each of the electro-conductive domains contains an electro-conductive particle, and the electro-conductive elastic layer includes regions containing second rubber in the circumferences of the electro-conductive domains. The matrix has an elastic coefficient R1, the regions containing second rubber have an elastic coefficient R2, and the elastic coefficients R1 and R2 satisfy a relationship: R1<R2.

Abstract: A roller for electrophotography including a mandrel and an elastic layer on the mandrel is provided. The elastic layer contains a hollow particle in a region from the surface of the elastic layer to a depth of 100 ?m. A cross-section of the hollow particle intersected by a first plane and a cross-section of the hollow particle intersected by a second plane each have a ratio of the length of the long axis to the length of the short axis of 1.2 or more and 1.9 or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic electro-conductive member comprising an electro-conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive elastic layer on the electro-conductive mandrel, wherein the electro-conductive elastic layer has an elastic coefficient of 1 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less, as well as a matrix containing first rubber and a plurality of electro-conductive domains dispersed in the matrix. Each of the electro-conductive domains contains an electro-conductive particle, and the electro-conductive elastic layer includes regions containing second rubber in the circumferences of the electro-conductive domains. The matrix has an elastic coefficient R1, the regions containing second rubber have an elastic coefficient R2, and the elastic coefficients R1 and R2 satisfy a relationship: R1<R2.

Abstract: The electrophotographic member includes an electro-conductive substrate and an electro-conductive resin layer as the surface layer on the substrate. The electro-conductive resin layer contains a binder and a bowl-shaped resin particle; the surface of electrophotographic member has a concavity derived from the opening of the bowl-shaped resin particle, a protrusion derived from the edge portion of the opening and the electro-conductive resin layer; and when the surface of the member is observed using a scanning electron microscope at an accelerating voltage (1 kV) and a magnification (×2000) while applying a DC voltage (50 to 100 V) between an electrode disposed opposite to the electrophotographic member and the substrate, the brightness of the protrusion, K1, the brightness of the bottom of the concavity, K2, and the brightness of the exposed surface of the electro-conductive resin layer, K3, satisfy K2<K1, K3<K1 and 0.8?K2/K3?1.2.

Abstract: The electrophotographic member includes an electro-conductive substrate and an electro-conductive resin layer as the surface layer on the substrate. The electro-conductive resin layer contains a binder and a bowl-shaped resin particle; the surface of electrophotographic member has a concavity derived from the opening of the bowl-shaped resin particle, a protrusion derived from the edge portion of the opening and the electro-conductive resin layer; and when the surface of the member is observed using a scanning electron microscope at an accelerating voltage (1 kV) and a magnification (×2000) while applying a DC voltage (50 to 100 V) between an electrode disposed opposite to the electrophotographic member and the substrate, the brightness of the protrusion, K1, the brightness of the bottom of the concavity, K2, and the brightness of the exposed surface of the electro-conductive resin layer, K3, satisfy K2<K1, K3<K1 and 0.8?K2/K3?1.2.

Abstract: A roller for electrophotography including a mandrel and an elastic layer on the mandrel is provided. The elastic layer contains a hollow particle in a region from the surface of the elastic layer to a depth of 100 ?m. A cross-section of the hollow particle intersected by a first plane and a cross-section of the hollow particle intersected by a second plane each have a ratio of the length of the long axis to the length of the short axis of 1.2 or more and 1.9 or less.