Abstract: A programmable logic controller of the invention comprises: a CPU unit; various kinds of units controlled by the CPU unit and coupled via common connectors, that is, input/output units, an end cover, a branch unit and an extension unit; an internal bus provided extending through the CPU unit and the various kinds of units to connect the CPU unit and the various kinds of units; and a bus I/F provided in each of the various kinds of units in common and holding anomaly detection data for detecting an anomaly in the internal bus. The CPU unit checks the anomaly detection data read out from the bus I/F of each of the various kinds of units, thereby to detect an anomaly place in the internal bus.

Abstract: A programmable logic controller of the invention comprises: a CPU unit; various kinds of units controlled by the CPU unit and coupled via common connectors, that is, input/output units, an end cover, a branch unit and an extension unit; an internal bus provided extending through the CPU unit and the various kinds of units to connect the CPU unit and the various kinds of units; and a bus I/F provided in each of the various kinds of units in common and holding anomaly detection data for detecting an anomaly in the internal bus. The CPU unit checks the anomaly detection data read out from the bus I/F of each of the various kinds of units, thereby to detect an anomaly place in the internal bus.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for enriching carbon 13 by mixing a halogenomethane containing one or more fluorine atoms and carbon 13 of natural isotopic abundance with one or two or more additive gases selected from a group of oxygen-containing oxidizing agents, halogens, and hydrogen halides, irradiating the resulting raw material gas mixture by a carbon dioxide laser to cause selective dissociation and reaction of the halogenomethane of carbon 13, separating the unchanged substances from the reaction mixture to obtain a product enriched with carbon 13, further converting the enriched product to carbon monoxide, and enriching carbon 13 by low-temperature distillation of the carbon monoxide. The process has advantages of low overall energy consumption, high yields of carbon 13, easy separability of the unchanged substances and high degrees of carbon 13 enrichment.

Abstract: Carbon dioxide can be obtained in high recovery with high purity from a gas mixture containing 10% or more of carbon dioxide by a pressure-swing adsorption method wherein moisture in the gas mixture is removed with cooling and heating prior to the adsorption of the carbon dioxide on an adsorbent.