Abstract: The present invention provides an energy degrader (10) that can mitigate a reduction in the transmittance of a low-energy charged particle beam, and a charged particle beam irradiation system equipped therewith. The energy degrader includes a plurality of attenuating members (11A to 11G) with different amounts of energy attenuation, and the low-energy-side attenuating member (11G) with a larger amount of energy attenuation is made of a material having a higher transmittance than that of the high-energy-side attenuating member (11A) with a smaller amount of energy attenuation.

Abstract: A valve control unit includes a data reading/selecting unit, which reads each of signals transmitted onto a serial bus, and selects a flow rate data signal from among the read signals. Therefore, the valve control unit can acquire the flow rate data signal from the serial bus without allowing the flow rate data signal to pass via the master IC. As a result, it is made possible to ensure real time properties of feedback control, which adjusts a needle valve based on a measurement result of a flowmeter, while reducing a load applied to a CPU that controls the master IC. Moreover, it is not necessary to provide an additional instrument for transferring analog signals between slave devices, and accordingly, a size increase and cost increase of an apparatus can be suppressed.

Abstract: The present invention provides an energy degrader (10) that can mitigate a reduction in the transmittance of a low-energy charged particle beam, and a charged particle beam irradiation system equipped therewith. The energy degrader includes a plurality of attenuating members (11A to 11G) with different amounts of energy attenuation, and the low-energy-side attenuating member (11G) with a larger amount of energy attenuation is made of a material having a higher transmittance than that of the high-energy-side attenuating member (11A) with a smaller amount of energy attenuation.

Abstract: A cyclotron that accelerates an ion using a magnetic field includes a hollow yoke and an ion source that is provided in the yoke and generates an ion. The ion source includes a conductive cylindrical body and a filament disposed in the cylindrical body. A current is supplied from a power supply to the filament, and a direction of the current supplied to the filament is changed.

Abstract: An optical transmission system includes: a plurality of optical transmission devices each including: an adjustment unit to adjust optical power of channels in the WDM optical signal; and a controller to control the adjustment unit based on an adjustment amount, and a management device including: a converter to convert an evaluation value for evaluating quality of service provided by using the channels in the WDM optical signal into a threshold value of transmission quality to be satisfied by the channels; and a determination unit to calculate the transmission quality of the channels based on monitoring information of the channels in the WDM optical signal adjusted by the adjusting unit of at least one of the plurality of optical transmission devices and to determine the adjustment amount to be set for the optical transmission device so that the calculated transmission quality of the channels satisfy the threshold value.

Abstract: In an optical communication device, a light source is capable of varying the wavelength of light to be output. An optical multiplexer multiplexes light output from the light source with signal light received from a transmission path. To an optical medium, light output from the optical multiplexer is input. A monitor monitors light having a predetermined wavelength output from the optical medium. A wavelength number measuring unit measures the number of wavelengths of signal light transmitted through the transmission path based on the result of monitoring by the monitor.

Abstract: There is provided a method of determining transmission quality of a path in an optical communication network system obtained by connecting a plurality of networks, the method including: acquiring a value representing transmission performance corresponding to a network condition of each of spans in the path in the optical communication network system; and determining the transmission quality of the path on the basis of the acquired value representing transmission performance corresponding to the network condition of each of spans.

Abstract: An optical transmission apparatus includes an optical transmitter that outputs a signal light corresponding to a wavelength of a WDM light, a multiplexer that multiplexes lights input to the plurality of input ports, and that outputs a light generated through the multiplexing from the one or more output port, an optical amplifier that amplifies the light output from the multiplexer; and an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) transmitter that inputs branching off part of the light output from the optical amplifier by a splitter and multiplexes, with the signal light, ASE in a wavelength band corresponding to an unused wavelength adjacent to the signal light included in the branched-off light.

Abstract: A determination device for a wavelength division multiplex communication system, configured to set each of different paths each of which is formed by connection of spans each of which is a zone between two adjacent transmission devices, among transmission devices forming a communication network, in the communication network, or a single span in the communication network, for the corresponding one of different wavelengths, and configured to transmit an optical signal of each of the wavelengths via the corresponding path set to the wavelength, the device includes: a determination section configured to determine whether an optical signal of at least one of the wavelengths is transmittable only to a path, among newly formed paths, for which the number of spans forming the path is equal to or less than a predetermined upper-limit number, in order to transmit one or more optical signals of one or more wavelengths among the wavelengths.

Abstract: A design method includes calculating a calculated compensation amount of a dispersion compensation module arranged on each of a plurality of wavelength paths in such a way that a residual chromatic dispersion value of each of the wavelength paths which transmits an optical signal between an initial node and a final node satisfies a tolerance condition given in accordance with a priority given to each of the wavelength paths; and deciding a decision value to be applied as the compensation amount of the dispersion compensation module based on the calculated compensation amount based on a plurality of candidate values each being prepared in advance as the candidate for the compensation amount of the dispersion compensation module.

Abstract: An energy degrader includes a plurality of attenuating members configured to attenuate the energy of an incident charged particle beam, the plurality of attenuating members having different amounts of energy to be attenuated. A low-energy-side attenuating member that is the attenuating member with a larger amount of energy to be attenuated is made of a material having a higher transmittance of the charged particle beam than that of a high-energy-side attenuating member that is the attenuating member with a smaller amount of energy to be attenuated.

Abstract: A cyclotron that accelerates an ion using a magnetic field includes a hollow yoke and an ion source that is provided in the yoke and generates an ion. The ion source includes a conductive cylindrical body and a filament disposed in the cylindrical body. A current is supplied from a power supply to the filament, and a direction of the current supplied to the filament is changed.

Abstract: A heat removal unit that removes heat from air in a battery pack in which a battery cell is accommodated to cool or dehumidify the air is provided. Further, a circulation route that connects the battery pack and the heat removal unit to each other to recirculate the air is provided. Furthermore, a direction controller that controls a flow direction of the air in the circulation route in opposite direction upon cooling and upon dehumidification is provided.

Abstract: A method for arranging relay stations in an optical transmission system including relay stations arranged so that optical signals at a first transmission speed can be transmitted from a transmission end to a reception end, includes: judging whether a transmission of optical signals at a second transmission speed different from the first transmission speed in a section connecting arbitrary two of the relay stations where a regenerative repeater station capable of regenerating optical signals can be arranged is possible; determining a combination of sections judged to be capable of performing transmission that enables a transmission of optical signals from the transmission end to the reception end; and making both ends of respective sections of the determined combination be the relay stations where the regenerative repeater station is arranged, wherein the judging includes a judgment condition which is satisfied in a section including sections but unsatisfied in one of the sections.

Abstract: A communication system is provided for communicating over a network. A plurality of transmission devices are disposed within a network and connected by transmission channels. A control device calculates initial data required during an initial operation of the transmission devices and sets the initial data to the transmission devices. The transmission devices perform reception processing using maximum likelihood sequence estimation, and the control device obtains, as the initial data, with respect to paths that are signal communication pathways between the transmission devices and in accordance with transmission states of individual paths, initial likelihood information that is initial-stage likelihood information for performing the maximum likelihood sequence estimation.

Abstract: There is provided a method of determining transmission quality of a path in an optical communication network system obtained by connecting a plurality of networks, the method including: acquiring a value representing transmission performance corresponding to a network condition of each of spans in the path in the optical communication network system; and determining the transmission quality of the path on the basis of the acquired value representing transmission performance corresponding to the network condition of each of spans.

Abstract: An optical transmission apparatus includes an optical transmitter that outputs a signal light corresponding to a wavelength of a WDM light, a multiplexer that multiplexes lights input to the plurality of input ports, and that outputs a light generated through the multiplexing from the one or more output port, an optical amplifier that amplifies the light output from the multiplexer; and an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) transmitter that inputs branching off part of the light output from the optical amplifier by a splitter and multiplexes, with the signal light, ASE in a wavelength band corresponding to an unused wavelength adjacent to the signal light included in the branched-off light.

Abstract: A design method includes calculating a calculated compensation amount of a dispersion compensation module arranged on each of a plurality of wavelength paths in such a way that a residual chromatic dispersion value of each of the wavelength paths which transmits an optical signal between an initial node and a final node satisfies a tolerance condition given in accordance with a priority given to each of the wavelength paths; and deciding a decision value to be applied as the compensation amount of the dispersion compensation module based on the calculated compensation amount based on a plurality of candidate values each being prepared in advance as the candidate for the compensation amount of the dispersion compensation module.

Abstract: A method for arranging relay stations in an optical transmission system including relay stations arranged so that optical signals at a first transmission speed can be transmitted from a transmission end to a reception end, includes: judging whether a transmission of optical signals at a second transmission speed different from the first transmission speed in a section connecting arbitrary two of the relay stations where a regenerative repeater station capable of regenerating optical signals can be arranged is possible; determining a combination of sections judged to be capable of performing transmission that enables a transmission of optical signals from the transmission end to the reception end; and making both ends of respective sections of the determined combination be the relay stations where the regenerative repeater station is arranged, wherein the judging includes a judgment condition which is satisfied in a section including sections but unsatisfied in one of the sections.

Abstract: A communication system is provided for communicating over a network. A plurality of transmission devices are disposed within a network and connected by transmission channels. A control device calculates initial data required during an initial operation of the transmission devices and sets the initial data to the transmission devices. The transmission devices perform reception processing using maximum likelihood sequence estimation, and the control device obtains, as the initial data, with respect to paths that are signal communication pathways between the transmission devices and in accordance with transmission states of individual paths, initial likelihood information that is initial-stage likelihood information for performing the maximum likelihood sequence estimation.