Abstract: A capacitor electrode and manufacturing method capable of not only storing electric charge but also being charged by a chemical reaction of an active material to improve energy density by increasing a storage capacity and firmly holding a sufficient amount of active material while eliminating the necessity of adhesive. A capacitor electrode capable of storing electric charge on its surface to be charged as a result of application of voltage has a substrate (4) made of an electrically conductive metal. Also, it has a carbon film (5), made up of a coating of carbon material, formed on a surface of the substrate (4). Additionally, nanoparticles (6), made of a metal or an oxide of the metal, are included in the carbon film (5).

Abstract: An analog-to-digital converter includes a sample and hold circuit for sampling and holding an analog input signal, a comparator circuit for comparing the analog input signal held by the sample and hold circuit with an input signal and generating an output signal, a control circuit for generating a digital signal based on the output signal of the comparator circuit, a digital-to-analog converter for converting the digital signal generated from the control circuit into an analog signal and for supplying the analog signal to the comparator circuit as the input signal, and an initial setting circuit for initializing the analog input signal held by the sample and hold circuit and the input signal which is output from the digital-to-analog converter to a reference voltage.