Abstract: Adaptable precharge devices, systems, and methods implemented within electrical systems can manage voltage differential between different portions of the system to provide appropriate contactor closure conditions. Communication of power between source and load can be implemented while reducing impact to components which can improve lifecycle.

Abstract: Substrates having successive layers of a cellular polyurethane and a noncellular polyurethane are prepared using certain siloxane-polyether block copolymers in the noncellular polyurethane formulation. The use of the block copolymer reduces or eliminates the formation of a bubble line at the interface of the polyurethane layers, thereby improving physical and cosmetic properties of the carpet.

Abstract: A process for preparing a substrate backed with a polymer derived from an organic polyisocyanate, said process comprising the steps of(a) forming a precoat layer of a precoat reaction mixture comprising a substantially difunctional polyahl and a substantially difunctional organic polyisocyanate,(b) separately forming a capcoat layer of a capcoat reaction mixture comprising a polyahl and a polyisocyanate,(c) contacting said precoat layer with one surface of said substrate before said precoat layer is cured to a tack-free state,(d) contacting said capcoat layer with one surface of said precoat layer before at least one of said precoat layer and capcoat layer is cured to a tack-free state,(e) completing curing said capcoat and precoat layer, and(f) cooling the resulting polymer-backed substrate to a temperature less than about 35.degree. C.