Abstract: Each pixel of an array substrate is provided with a reflective region and a transmittance region. A first color filter layer is provided between each pixel electrode and a gate insulating film of the array substrate. The first color filter layer of each pixel has spectral characteristics corresponding to the second color filter layer that is provided in association with the reflective region of the pixel. Each reflective region is a region where image display is enabled by light that passes through the corresponding second color filter layer and is reflected by its reflection layer. Each transmittance region is a region where image display is enabled by light that is emitted from a backlight and passes through the corresponding first color filter layer. Spectral separation by the first color filter layers and the second color filter layers enables the liquid crystal element to display an image.

Abstract: A improved liquid crystal display device including two substrates each having transparent electrode thereon disposed in parallel while keeping a predetermined gap by means of pillar-shaped spacers and a liquid crystal held between said first and second substrates is proposed. In the liquid crystal display device, density or volume of the number of the pillar-shaped spacers provided in the off-display area is higher than those of a density of the number of said pillar-shaped spacers provided in the display area. This change is made continuously or stepwise along areas. The spacers are preferably disposed so that a contact area between the spacer and a rubbing cloth during the rubbing process is minimized, or so that an orientation defective area caused starting from the spacer does not extend into the pixel area, or so that a plurality of spacers are disposed along a flow of liquid crystal from filling port into the gap between the first and second substrate.

Abstract: A improved liquid crystal display device including two substrates each having transparent electrode thereon disposed in parallel while keeping a predetermined gap by means of pillar-shaped spacers and a liquid crystal held between said first and second substrates is proposed. In the liquid crystal display device, density or volume of the number of the pillar-shaped spacers provided in the off-display area is higher than those of a density of the number of said pillar-shaped spacers provided in the display area. This change is made continuously or stepwise along areas. The spacers are preferably disposed so that a contact area between the spacer and a rubbing cloth during the rubbing process is minimized, or so that an orientation defective area caused starting from the spacer does not extend into the pixel area, or so that a plurality of spacers are disposed along a flow of liquid crystal from filling port into the gap between the first and second substrate.

Abstract: A improved liquid crystal display device including two substrates each having transparent electrode thereon disposed in parallel while keeping a predetermined gap by means of pillar-shaped spacers and a liquid crystal held between said first and second substrates is proposed. In the liquid crystal display device, density or volume of the number of the pillar-shaped spacers provided in the off-display area is higher than those of a density of the number of said pillar-shaped spacers provided in the display area. This change is made continuously or stepwise along areas. The spacers are preferably disposed so that a contact area between the spacer and a rubbing cloth during the rubbing process is minimized, or so that an orientation defective area caused starting from the spacer does not extend into the pixel area, or so that a plurality of spacers are disposed along a flow of liquid crystal from filling port into the gap between the first and second substrate.

Abstract: The color filter substrate used for the liquid crystal display device comprises a substrate portion, a color filter portion composed of colored layers of plural colors disposed on the substrate portion, a first spacer portion such that colored layers of at least two different colors of the colored layers of the plural colors are stacked on the substrate portion and one colored layer of the stacked colored layers and the colored layer of the same color as that of the one colored layer of the color filter portion are continuous with each other, and a second spacer portion such that the colored layers of at least two different colors of the colored layers of the plural colors are stacked on the substrate portion and all of the stacked colored layers are discontinuous with respect to any one of the colored layers constituting the color filter portion.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element includes a pillar-shaped spacer as a stack of a plurality of color layers, which exists on either an active matrix substrate or an opposite substrate facing to the former substrate. An impurity concentration and an impurity elution quantity of the color layer closest to a switching element among the color layers constituting the pillar-shaped spacer are made lowest among the plurality of color layers, or a bridging density of a resin is made highest among the color layers, thereby restraining an influence of the impurities upon the switching element and enhancing a display quality and a yield. Damages to contact areas when the active matrix substrate is disposed facing to the opposite substrate are reduced by making a hardness of the farthest layer from a surface of a substrate on which the pillar-shaped spacer is disposed lowest among the color layers.

Abstract: A color filter is disposed on a switching element array substrate. The color filter is composed of a plurality of kinds of color elements and an aperture. Two of the filter elements are overlapped at one end portion thereof. Each of the filter elements is covered with a pixel electrode. The pixel electrode is connected to the switching element through the aperture. This structure reduces electric coupling between the pixel electrode and the gate and signal lines. Optimum conditions among the overlapped width, and the aperture diameter and location are set to prevent the filter element from peeling off the array substrate so that the production yield can be significantly improved.

Abstract: A color filter substrate and a liquid crystal display device having high opening ratio and capable of preventing unsatisfactory display as far as possible are provided.

Abstract: A method of developing photoresist films formed on a plurality of substrates utilizes a circulated developing fluid to sequentially develop the photoresist films with developing accuracy and controllability secured. It includes the steps of measuring the conductivity and the absorbance of the developing fluid, calculating the pH value or its equivalence thereof in accordance with the conductivity and absorbance measured in the measuring step; and maintaining the pH value or its equivalence to be in a predetermined range. There are also disclosures as to an apparatus for developing photoresist films, and a color filter and a liquid crystal display device manufactured by the method of developing photoresist films.

Abstract: A liquid crystal displaying apparatus is disclosed, that comprises a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal material filled in the space between the pair of substrates, a plurality of lines formed on one of the pair of substrates, an organic film formed on the plurality of lines, a conductive film formed on the organic film, and a pedestal, wherein the plurality of lines extend from a first area to a second area, the organic film being disposed on the plurality of lines in the first area, the second area exceeding an edge portion of the organic film, wherein the pedestal is disposed between the first area and the second area through the edge portion, wherein the organic film is formed between the pedestal to a non-pedestal area, wherein the thickness in the vicinity of at least the edge portion of the organic film formed on the pedestal is smaller than the thickness of the organic film formed in the non-pedestal area, and wherein the thickness of the pedestal is smaller than the thickness of the organic film fo

Abstract: A improved liquid crystal display device including two substrates each having transparent electrode thereon disposed in parallel while keeping a predetermined gap by means of pillar-shaped spacers and a liquid crystal held between said first and second substrates is proposed. In the liquid crystal display device, density or volume of the number of the pillar-shaped spacers provided in the off-display area is higher than those of a density of the number of said pillar-shaped spacers provided in the display area This change is made continuously or stepwise along areas. The spacers are preferably disposed so that a contact area between the spacer and a rubbing cloth during the rubbing process is minimized, or so that an orientation defective area caused starting from the spacer does not extend into the pixel area, or so that a plurality of spacers are disposed along a flow of liquid crystal from filling port into the gap between the first and second substrate.

Abstract: A color filter substrate has a substrate structure, spacers which include a first spacer layer and a plurality of second spacer layers. Each of the second spacer layers has a sectional plane which is substantially parallel to the substrate structure. And the sectional plane has a entire projective area of the first spacer layer therein and an elongated portion from the projective area, so that an area of effective thickness of the spacer to maintain the gap between two substrates depends on an area of a smaller of the first and second surfaces of the first spacer layer. In other words, the outline of the first spacer layer is located so as to be entirely included within the outline of these second spacer layers. If the central axis of the first spacer layer is shifted from that of the second spacer layers in the manufacturing process of the liquid crystal display apparatus, misalignment between first and second spacer layers occurs.

Abstract: A spacer is constructed of a stacked colored layers constituting color filters and is disposed in such a position as to exhibit a high dielectric breakdown strength on an active matrix substrate. A display performance is enhanced because of using no plastic beads, and insulation can be maintained. When the spacer assumes an inversely tapered shape, a contact position of the spacer can be freely selected because of forming no conductive layer on side surfaces.

Abstract: A color filter substrate has a substrate structure, spacers which include a first spacer layer and a plurality of second spacer layers. Each of the second spacer layers has a sectional plane which is substantially parallel to the substrate structure. And the sectional plane has a entire projective area of the first spacer layer therein and an elongated portion from the projective area, so that an area of effective thickness of the spacer to maintain the gap between two substrates depends on an area of a smaller of the first and second surfaces of the first spacer layer. In other words, the outline of the first spacer layer is located so as to be entirely included within the outline of these second spacer layers. If the central axis of the first spacer layer is shifted from that of the second spacer layers in the manufacturing process of the liquid crystal display apparatus, misalignment between first and second spacer layers occurs.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element includes a pillar-shaped spacer as a stack of a plurality of color layers, which exists on either an active matrix substrate or an opposite substrate facing to the former substrate. An impurity concentration and an impurity elution quantity of the color layer closest to a switching element among the color layers constituting the pillar-shaped spacer are made lowest among the plurality of color layers, or a bridging density of a resin is made highest among the color layers, thereby restraining an influence of the impurities upon the switching element and enhancing a display quality and a yield. Damages to contact areas when the active matrix substrate is disposed facing to the opposite substrate are reduced by making a hardness of the farthest layer from a surface of a substrate on which the pillar-shaped spacer is disposed lowest among the color layers.