Abstract: A heating plate includes: a pair of glass plates; a conductive pattern disposed between the pair of glass plates and defining a plurality of opening areas; and a joint layer disposed between the conductive pattern and at least one of the pair of glass plates; wherein the conductive pattern includes a plurality of connection elements that extend between two branch points to define the opening areas; and a rate of the connection elements, which are straight line segments connecting the two branch points, relative to the plurality of connection elements, is less than 20%.

Abstract: A heating plate includes: a pair of glass plates; a conductive pattern disposed between the pair of glass plates and defining a plurality of opening areas; and a joint layer disposed between the conductive pattern and at least one of the pair of glass plates; wherein the conductive pattern includes a plurality of connection elements that extend between two branch points to define the opening areas; and a rate of the connection elements, which are straight line segments connecting the two branch points, relative to the plurality of connection elements, is less than 20%.

Abstract: A heating plate includes: a pair of glass plates; a conductive pattern disposed between the pair of glass plates and defining a plurality of opening areas; and a joint layer disposed between the conductive pattern and at least one of the pair of glass plates; wherein the conductive pattern includes a plurality of connection elements that extend between two branch points to define the opening areas; and a rate of the connection elements, which are straight line segments connecting the two branch points, relative to the plurality of connection elements, is less than 20%.

Abstract: A heating plate includes: a pair of glass plates; a conductive pattern disposed between the pair of glass plates and defining a plurality of opening areas; and a joint layer disposed between the conductive pattern and at least one of the pair of glass plates; wherein the conductive pattern includes a plurality of connection elements that extend between two branch points to define the opening areas; and a rate of the connection elements, which are straight line segments connecting the two branch points, relative to the plurality of connection elements, is less than 20%.

Abstract: A heating plate 10 includes: a pair of glass plates 11, 12; a conductive pattern 40, 70 disposed between the pair of glass plates 11, 12 and defining a plurality of opening areas 43, 73; and a joint layer 13, 14 disposed between the conductive pattern 40, 70 and at least one of the pair of glass plates 11, 12; wherein the conductive pattern 40, 70 includes a plurality of connection elements 44, 74 that extend between two branch points 42, 72 to define the opening areas 43, 73; and a total value of lengths of straight line segments connecting the two branch points 42, 72 is less than 20% of a total value of the plurality of connection elements 44, 74.

Abstract: A heating plate 10 includes: a pair of glass plates 11, 12; a conductive pattern 40, 70 disposed between the pair of glass plates 11, 12 and defining a plurality of opening areas 43, 73; and a joint layer 13, 14 disposed between the conductive pattern 40, 70 and at least one of the pair of glass plates 11, 12; wherein the conductive pattern 40, 70 includes a plurality of connection elements 44, 74 that extend between two branch points 42, 72 to define the opening areas 43, 73; and a rate of the connection elements 44, 74, which are straight line segments connecting the two branch points 42, 72, relative to the plurality of connection elements 44, 74, is less than 20%.

Abstract: A heating plate includes: a pair of glass plates; a conductive pattern disposed between the pair of glass plates and defining a plurality of opening areas; and a joint layer disposed between the conductive pattern and at least one of the pair of glass plates; wherein the conductive pattern includes a plurality of connection elements that extend between two branch points to define the opening areas; and a rate of the connection elements, which are straight line segments connecting the two branch points, relative to the plurality of connection elements, is less than 20%.

Abstract: A heating plate 10 includes: a pair of glass plates 11, 12; a conductive pattern 40, 70 disposed between the pair of glass plates 11, 12 and defining a plurality of opening areas 43, 73; and a joint layer 13, 14 disposed between the conductive pattern 40, 70 and at least one of the pair of glass plates 11, 12; wherein the conductive pattern 40, 70 includes a plurality of connection elements 44, 74 that extend between two branch points 42, 72 to define the opening areas 43, 73; and a rate of the connection elements 44, 74, which are straight line segments connecting the two branch points 42, 72, relative to the plurality of connection elements 44, 74, is less than 20%.

Abstract: A heating plate 10 includes: a pair of glass plates 11, 12; a conductive pattern 40, 70 disposed between the pair of glass plates 11, 12 and defining a plurality of opening areas 43, 73; and a joint layer 13, 14 disposed between the conductive pattern 40, 70 and at least one of the pair of glass plates 11, 12; wherein the conductive pattern 40, 70 includes a plurality of connection elements 44, 74 that extend between two branch points 42, 72 to define the opening areas 43, 73; and a total value of lengths of straight line segments connecting the two branch points 42, 72 is less than 20% of a total value of the plurality of connection elements 44, 74.

Abstract: A heating plate 10 includes: a pair of glass plates 11, 12; a conductive pattern 40, 70 disposed between the pair of glass plates 11, 12 and defining a plurality of opening areas 43, 73; and a joint layer 13, 14 disposed between the conductive pattern 40, 70 and at least one of the pair of glass plates 11, 12; wherein the conductive pattern 40, 70 includes a plurality of connection elements 44, 74 that extend between two branch points 42, 72 to define the opening areas 43, 73; and a rate of the connection elements 44, 74, which are straight line segments connecting the two branch points 42, 72, relative to the plurality of connection elements 44, 74, is less than 20%.

Abstract: A polarizing-plate-protecting film is provided, including a polyester film, such as a polyethylene terephthalate film, and an adhesion-facilitating layer formed on one surface of the polyester film, made of a hydrophilic cellulosic resin such as acetyl cellulose. On the other surface of the polyester film, a variety of functional layers, such as a hard coat layer, an anti-glaring layer, and an antireflection layer, are layered. The hard coat layer is a layer formed by curing, with an electron beam, an ionizing-radiation-curable resin into which an ultraviolet light absorber has been incorporated. A polyvinyl alcoholic polarizing film is laminated to the adhesion-facilitating layer of the polarizing-plate-protecting film with a water-based adhesive layer to form a polarizing plate.

Abstract: A polarizing-plate-protecting film 10 comprising a polyester film 1 such as polyethylene terephthalate film, and an adhesion-facilitating layer 2 formed on one surface of the polyester film 1, made of a hydrophilic cellulosic resin such as acetyl cellulose. On the other surface of the polyester film 1, a variety of functional layers 3 such as a hard coat layer, an anti-glaring layer, and an antireflection layer are layered. The hard coat layer 3 is a layer formed by curing, with an electron beam, an ionizing-radiation-curable resin into which an ultraviolet light absorber has been incorporated. A polyvinyl alcoholic polarizing film 5 is laminated to the adhesion-facilitating layer 2 of the polarizing-plate-protecting film 10 with a water-based adhesive layer 4 to form a polarizing plate 20.

Abstract: An apparatus for diagnosing the characteristic of an acceleration sensor and a method for diagnosis thereof are disclosed. The acceleration sensor includes a movable electrode (or mass part) displaced in accordance with an acceleration and a fixed electrode disposed opposite to the movable electrode. In a diagnosis mode, a signal for diagnosis is applied to the fixed electrode so that an electrostatic force as a force corresponding to a predetermined acceleration is generated between the fixed electrode and the movable electrode. In the case where the acceleration sensor is sound, the movable electrode or mass part is normally displaced. A failure of the acceleration sensor, the deterioration thereof in performance, a change in characteristic thereof caused from the lapse of time, or the like is self-diagnosed by detecting a change in capacitance between the movable electrode and the fixed electrode upon generation of the diagnosis signal.

Abstract: An air flow meter comprises a main passage for an axial main air flow; an axial subpassage for air flow, disposed in the main passage and formed so that part of the air in the main passage is taken in at an upstream side thereof and flows in the same direction as the axial main air flow; a radial subpassage for air flow, intersecting the axial subpassage at a downstream side of the axial subpassage so that air from the axial subpassage flows into the radial subpassage and is divided into two radial air flows running in different radial directions; the air having passed through the radial subpassage joining the axial main air flow. An air flow sensing means is disposed in the radial subpassage for sensing a flow rate of air therein, and a projection is disposed in the radial subpassage around the intersection of the axial and radial subpassages, for suppressing turbulence of air flow around the intersection.

Abstract: A hot-wire air flow meter for detecting air flow intake has a main passage (21) and a generally parallel sub-passage (31) for bypassing said main passage, and located in the sub-passage is a hot-wire element (2a) for detecting air flow intake. A dished member (34) is located upstream from an inlet (31a) of the sub-passage, the dished member having a base portion adjacent the sub-passage inlet and an upstream projecting edge (30a) extending from said base portion. The upstream extending edge (30a) at least partially surrounds the inlet (31a) and is located between the sub-passage inlet and the main passage, the effect of the dished member tending to stabilize air flow entering the sub-passage so that the air flow is less affected by bends in pipework upstream from the air flow meter.

Abstract: The present invention whose object is to provide a hot wire type of flow meter capable of accurately detecting a flow rate under various conditions required for satisfying a desire for low fuel consumption of an engine system and space saving in an engine room, the present invention being characterized in a hot wire type of air flow meter including a main flow passage forming an air intake flow passage of an internal combustion engine, a hot wire element measuring intake air, and a bypass having the hot wire element therein and disposed in the main flow passage, the hot wire type of air flow meter comprising: a flow passage forming the bypass, and formed in the axial direction of the main flow passage; and a flow passage forming the bypass and formed in the radial direction of the main flow passage, the flow passage having a structure designed in such a manner that the upper stream portion of an outlet portion thereof projects over the lower stream portion of the same.