Abstract: Mechanisms for customizing a refractive index of an optical component are disclosed. In one example, sub-wavelength openings are formed in a top layer of anti-reflective (AR) material of an optical component to tailor transmission characteristics of the AR material over a range of angles of incidence and a range of wavelengths. In another example, sub-wavelength openings are formed at different filling fractions in the surface of the optical component.

Abstract: Mechanisms for customizing a refractive index of an optical component are disclosed. In one example, sub-wavelength openings are formed in a top layer of anti-reflective (AR) material of an optical component to tailor transmission characteristics of the AR material over a range of angles of incidence and a range of wavelengths. In another example, sub-wavelength openings are formed at different filling fractions in the surface of the optical component.

Abstract: A mask array apparatus includes a monolithic structure that includes a substrate layer transmissive for at least a portion of an infrared wavelength band and an array of individually addressed pixel structures. Each pixel structure is in stacked relation above or below the substrate layer, and includes at least one micro-plate heating element layer, circuitry, and at least one phase change material (PCM) element. The heating element layer is transmissive for the wavelength band, and has switchable on and off states configured to produce temperature changes. The circuitry is configured to individually address the heating element layer, separately from heating element layers in other pixel structures, to switch the heating element layer between the on and off states. The PCM is in stacked relation above or below the heating element layer and configured to change transmissive states in the wavelength band in response to the temperature changes.

Abstract: A refractive index device and method of making it include obtaining a glass structure comprising a plurality of nucleation sites. The glass structure is formed from a glass composition that comprises a first chemical component and a second chemical component. A crystal of the second chemical component has a different second refractive index from a first refractive index of the first chemical component. Each nucleation site defines where a crystal of the second chemical component can be grown. The method includes causing crystals of the second chemical component to grow in situ at a set of the plurality of nucleation sites in order to produce a spatial gradient of a refractive index in the glass structure.

Abstract: Provided are radio frequency electromagnetic energy switches and processes of regulating the transmission of RF energy, that for the first time successfully employ a ChG PCM as a RF switching material.

Abstract: A refractive index device and method of making it include obtaining a glass structure comprising a plurality of nucleation sites. The glass structure is formed from a glass composition that comprises a first chemical component and a second chemical component. A crystal of the second chemical component has a different second refractive index from a first refractive index of the first chemical component. Each nucleation site defines where a crystal of the second chemical component can be grown. The method includes causing crystals of the second chemical component to grow in situ at a set of the plurality of nucleation sites in order to produce a spatial gradient of a refractive index in the glass structure.

Abstract: A refractive index device and method of making it include obtaining a glass structure comprising a plurality of nucleation sites. The glass structure is formed from a glass composition that comprises a first chemical component and a second chemical component. A crystal of the second chemical component has a different second refractive index from a first refractive index of the first chemical component. Each nucleation site defines where a crystal of the second chemical component can be grown. The method includes causing crystals of the second chemical component to grow in situ at a set of the plurality of nucleation sites in order to produce a spatial gradient of a refractive index in the glass structure.

Abstract: Provided are radio frequency electromagnetic energy switches and processes of regulating the transmission of RF energy, that for the first time successfully employ a ChG PCM as a RF switching material.

Abstract: Examples of the present invention include methods of assembling structures, such as nanostructures, at predetermined locations on a substrate. A voltage between spaced-apart electrodes supported by substrate attracts the structures to the substrate, and positional registration can be provided the substrate using topographic features such as wells. Examples of the present invention also include devices, such as electronic and optoelectronic devices, prepared by such methods.

Abstract: Example apparatus have a radiation-receiving surface configured to receive electromagnetic radiation, including a sub-wavelength grating supported by a substrate. The sub-wavelength grating has a side-wall profile that may be configured and optimized to obtain desired spectral properties.

Abstract: A passive element is provided to facilitate passive detection of analytes, such as analytes, using an electromagnetic probe beam. The probe beam may be provided by a radar and/or lidar system. In one example, a passive element comprises a reference dipole and a detection dipole, the detection dipole having an associated analyte-sensitive element, such as a chemoresistive or bioresistive element. When the analyte-sensitive element is in a modified conducting state due to the presence of an analyte, the detection cross section is modified whereas a reference cross section is substantially unchanged by the presence of the analyte. A passive element may comprise a frequency selective surface, for example including a frequency-selective surface (FSS) embedded in a dielectric layer and using an analyte-sensitive impedance layer to modify the electromagnetic absorption properties, allowing analyte detection.

Abstract: An improved frequency selective surface (FSS) comprises a periodically replicated unit cell, the unit cell including a material having a first electrical conductivity in the presence of an external condition, and a second electrical conductivity in the absence of an external condition, or in the presence of a modified external condition. For example, the material may be a chemoresistive material, having an electrical conductivity that changes in the presence of a chemical or biological analyte, i.e. having a first value of electrical conductivity in the presence of the analyte, and a second value of electrical conductivity in the absence of the analyte.

Abstract: The invention provides sensor, preferably biosensor devices and method of fabrication. The devices have significant advantages over the prior art methods having compatibility with future trends in clinical diagnostics and chemical detection. The underlying principle involves the integration of nanometer diameter, micron long metal or semiconductor rods onto a substrate to form a suspended nanomechanical cantilevers. The cantilever rods are rigidly attached to the substrate on one or both ends, and resonate at a characteristic frequency depending on the diameter, length, and stiffness of the rod. The metal or semiconductor rods are integrated onto the substrate using electrofluidic or fluidic assembly techniques. A receptor coating is placed on the metal or semiconductor rods prior to or following rod alignment using self-assembly chemistries.

Abstract: Examples of the present invention include methods of assembling structures, such as nanostructures, at predetermined locations on a substrate. A voltage between spaced-apart electrodes supported by substrate attracts the structures to the substrate, and positional registration can be provided the substrate using topographic features such as wells. Examples of the present invention also include devices, such as electronic and optoelectronic devices, prepared by such methods.

Abstract: An improved frequency selective surface (FSS) comprises a periodically replicated unit cell, the unit cell including a material having a first electrical conductivity in the presence of an external condition, and a second electrical conductivity in the absence of an external condition, or in the presence of a modified external condition. For example, the material may be a chemoresistive material, having an electrical conductivity that changes in the presence of a chemical or biological analyte, i.e. having a first value of electrical conductivity in the presence of the analyte, and a second value of electrical conductivity in the absence of the analyte.

Abstract: An example apparatus for facilitating detection of an analyte comprises a substrate supporting an antenna circuit that includes an antenna and a sensing element. The sensing element has a property, such as electrical resistance, that is modified by an interaction between the analyte and the sensing element. The antenna circuit generates transmitted radiation when irradiated with incident radiation, acting as a transponder, and the transmitted radiation has a spectral distribution correlated with a property of the sensing element so as to facilitate detection of the analyte. In some examples, the antenna circuit may be supported by a personal data card, such as a passenger ticket for a public transport system.

Abstract: An electro-fluidic assembly process for integration of an electronic device or component onto a substrate which comprises: disposing components within a carrier fluid; attracting the components to an alignment sites on the substrate by means of electrophoresis or dielectrophoresis; and aligning the components within the alignment site by means of energy minimization. The substrate comprises: a biased backplane layer, a metal plane layer having one or more alignment sites, a first insulating layer disposed between the backplane layer and the metal plane layer, and a second insulating layer, e.g., benzocyclobute, having a recess disposed therein, wherein the second insulating layer is on the surface of the metal plane layer opposite from the first insulating layer and wherein the recess is in communication with the alignment site.

Abstract: The invention provides sensor, preferably biosensor devices and method of fabrication. The devices have significant advantages over the prior art methods having compatibility with future trends in clinical diagnostics and chemical detection. The underlying principle involves the integration of nanometer diameter, micron long metal or semiconductor rods onto a substrate to form a suspended nanomechanical cantilevers. The cantilever rods are rigidly attached to the substrate on one or both ends, and resonate at a characteristic frequency depending on the diameter, length, and stiffness of the rod. The metal or semiconductor rods are integrated onto the substrate using electrofluidic or fluidic assembly techniques. A receptor coating is placed on the metal or semiconductor rods prior to or following rod alignment using self-assembly chemistries.

Abstract: An electro-fluidic assembly process for integration of an electronic device or component onto a substrate which comprises: disposing components within a carrier fluid; attracting the components to an alignment sites on the substrate by means of electrophoresis or dielectrophoresis; and aligning the components within the alignment site by means of energy minimization. The substrate comprises: a biased backplane layer, a metal plane layer having one or more alignment sites, a first insulating layer disposed between the backplane layer and the metal plane layer, and a second insulating layer, e.g., benzocyclobute, having a recess disposed therein, wherein the second insulating layer is on the surface of the metal plane layer opposite from the first insulating layer and wherein the recess is in communication with the alignment site.