Abstract: A shaft is borne in a standard by an intermediate member and a supporting bearing so that the shaft may follow without constraint lateral shifts of the supporting bearing by tilts about a plurality of small angles located in different planes. This effect is achieved by providing one of two guiding rings for the shaft within the intermediate member with two small sliding projections. These projections may be vertically arranged on a diameter of the intermediate member, which in turn is mounted to the standard by two small seat-engaging surfaces which are horizontally arranged on a diameter of the intermediate member. The apparatus is preferably used with shaft angle encoders for theodolites.

Abstract: The apparatus comprises a stable carrier plate for carrying prisms cemented thereto and conducting an optical ray path from its source to a position sensitive photoelectric receiver. A liquid horizon is provided on the carrier plate for shifting the optical ray path if the apparatus is inclined. A design stable against temperature and mechanical stress with a flat and compact shape is achieved in an easily mountable two axes inclinometer.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring differences by incrementally counting graduations has additional equidistant graduations as well as a corresponding sensor and evaluation device. The intervals between the marks of each additional graduation are multiples of one interval of an incremental graduation. The intervals of one additional graduation differ from those of others by an integral number of incremental intervals. A simple determination of the absolute position of marks from a zero position is done by using an incremental counter for counting the steps between successive marks of two of the additional graduations. This method requires only small motions of the carrier and sensing of the zero position itself is not required.