Abstract: A process for producing a gaseous product comprising hydrogen, said process comprising exposing a gaseous hydrocarbon to microwave radiation in the presence of a solid catalyst, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one metal species on a support, wherein the metal species is at least one a nickel species or a cobalt species; and a solid catalyst suitable for use in said process, and wherein the support comprises at least one of a carbonate or an alkaline earth metal oxide.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing a gaseous product comprising hydrogen, said process comprising exposing a gaseous hydrocarbon to microwave radiation in the presence of a solid catalyst, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one iron species supported on a support comprising a ceramic material or carbon, or a mixture thereof. Also provided are a heterogeneous mixture comprising a solid catalyst in intimate mixture with a gaseous hydrocarbon wherein the catalyst comprises at least one iron species supported on a support comprising a ceramic material or carbon, or mixture thereof. Also provided are the use of said mixture to produce hydrogen, a microwave reactor comprising said mixture and a a fuel cell module comprising a (i) a fuel cell and (ii) a heterogeneous mixture as described herein, and a vehicle or electronic device comprising said fuel cell module.

Abstract: A catalyst precursor comprising an iron species, an alkali metal or salt thereof and a complexing agent, a catalyst obtainable from said precursor, and a process for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide using either said catalyst precursor or said catalyst to yield olefins or fuels, such as jet fuel.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for (a) recycling plastic; and/or (b) producing hydrogen; and/or (c) producing syngas; and/or (d) producing carbon nanotubes, wherein the process comprises exposing a solid composition comprising one or more thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers to electromagnetic radiation in the presence of a solid catalyst, wherein the catalyst comprises elemental iron (Fe) or an oxide thereof. Also provided is a solid composition comprising a catalyst in intimate mixture with one or more thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers, wherein the catalyst comprises elemental iron (Fe) or an oxide thereof. Also provided is the use of said solid composition to produce hydrogen, syngas and/or carbon nanotubes, and a microwave reactor comprising said solid composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for upgrading a petroleum product comprising mixing the petroleum product with an upgrading solution to provide a two-phase mixture consisting of an extract phase and a raffinate phase, wherein the upgrading solution comprises a pyrolysis oil and optionally a polar organic solvent. In other aspects, the invention provides an upgrading solution comprising a pyrolysis oil and optionally a polar organic solvent and uses thereof. Furthermore, an upgraded petroleum product and raffinate phase is provided.

Abstract: The invention provides a modified zeolite, a method of preparing the modified zeolite and a method of one cycle alkylating benzene in presence of one of an unmodified and modified zeolite catalyst. The modified zeolite catalyst includes zeolite with ratio of silica to alumina ranging between 5% to 95% of silica and 95% to 5% alumina, kaolinite and a binder, wherein the zeolite is modified with one or more metal oxides of Lanthanide-series of the Periodic Table. The method of alkylating benzene is one cycle process in presence of a catalyst that includes charging benzene and ethylene gas feedstock to an alkylation zone. Heated benzene and the ethylene gas feedstock are contacted in a fixed bed reactor in the alkylation zone. The catalyst for alkylating benzene is added in a catalyst zone of the fixed bed reactor.

Abstract: A precursor for a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst includes a catalyst support, cobalt or iron on the catalyst support and one or more noble metals on the catalyst support, wherein the cobalt or iron is at least partially in the form of its carbide in the as-prepared catalyst precursor, a method for preparing said precursor and the use of said precursor in a Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: The invention provides a modified zeolite, a method of preparing the modified zeolite and a method of one cycle alkylating benzene in presence of one of an unmodified and modified zeolite catalyst. The modified zeolite catalyst includes zeolite with ratio of silica to alumina ranging between 5% to 95% of silica and 95% to 5% alumina, kaolinite and a binder, wherein the zeolite is modified with one or more metal oxides of Lanthanide-series of the Periodic Table. The method of alkylating benzene is one cycle process in presence of a catalyst that includes charging benzene and ethylene gas feedstock to an alkylation zone. Heated benzene and the ethylene gas feedstock are contacted in a fixed bed reactor in the alkylation zone. The catalyst for alkylating benzene is added in a catalyst zone of the fixed bed reactor.

Abstract: A precursor for a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst includes a catalyst support, cobalt or iron on the catalyst support and one or more noble metals on the catalyst support, wherein the cobalt or iron is at least partially in the form of its carbide in the as-prepared catalyst precursor, a method for preparing said precursor and the use of said precursor in a Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: A fruit and vegetable product for curing oral ulcer, and a preparation method thereof. The fruit and vegetable product is made by mixing the following crude materials of different parts by weight: vegetables and/or fruits of 30-100 parts, food additives of 0-15 parts, probiotics powder of 0-5 parts, and recipients of 0-40 parts, the vegetables and fruits being cool and cold, cool and mild, and cold and mild; and the vegetables or fruits being cool, cold or mild in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine.

Abstract: Sulfur-containing compounds, including specifically thiophenic compounds, in a liquid hydrocarbon feedstream are catalytically oxidized by combining the hydrocarbon feedstream with a catalytic reaction mixture that includes a peroxide that is soluble in water or in a polar organic acid, at least one carboxylic acid, and a catalyst that is a transition metal salt selected from the group consisting of (NH4)2WO4, (NH4)6W12O40.H2O, Na2WO4, Li2WO4, K2WO4, MgWO4, (NH4)2MoO4, (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O, MnO0 and NaVO3; the mixture is vigorously agitated for a time that is sufficient to oxidize the sulfur-containing compounds to form sulfoxides and sulfones; the reaction mixture is allowed to stand and separate into a lower aqueous layer containing the catalyst and an upper hydrocarbon layer that is recovered and from which the oxidized sulfur compounds are removed, as by solvent extraction, distillation or selective adsorption.

Abstract: The process provided herein is concerned with recovery of hydrocarbons from sulfones using an individual alkali and alkaline-earthy base and a mixture of thereof. As the starting materials are sulfones generated by ODS and commercially inexpensive alkali and alkaline-earth bases, the cost and ecological impact of solid waste disposal is minimized.

Abstract: An apparatus including storage means containing methanol and a peroxide, a housing containing a catalyst comprising at least one group 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 transition metal, and means for introducing the methanol and the peroxide into the housing.

Abstract: The process provided herein is concerned with recovery of hydrocarbons from sulfones using an individual alkali and alkaline-earthy base and a mixture of thereof. As the starting materials are sulfones generated by ODS and commercially inexpensive alkali and alkaline-earth bases, the cost and ecological impact of solid waste disposal is minimized.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus, in some embodiments a hand-held apparatus, and a method for the production of steam through contacting reactants and a catalyst.

Abstract: A process for initiating a reaction between methanol and a peroxide to produce a gas, which comprises contacting methanol and peroxide in the liquid phase and at a pressure equal to, below or above atmospheric pressure in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one group 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 transition metal.

Abstract: A process for initiating a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and an organic compound which comprises contacting the hydrogen peroxide and the organic compound in the liquid phase in the presence of a catalyst; wherein: a) the organic compound is an alcohol, carbohydrate, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid or ether; b) the catalyst comprises at least one group 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 transition metal; c) the ratio of H2O2:atomic carbon in the organic compound is from 0.2:1 to 6:1; and d) the ratio of any water present:atomic carbon in the organic compound is from 0:1 to 2:1; with the proviso that the organic compound is not or does not comprise methanol.

Abstract: The present invention is directed towards a precursor for a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprising a catalyst support, cobalt or iron on the catalyst support and one or more noble metals on the catalyst support, wherein the cobalt or iron is at least partially in the form of its carbide in the as-prepared catalyst precursor, a method for preparing said precursor and the use of said precursor in a Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: Sulfur-containing compounds, including specifically thiophenic compounds, in a liquid hydrocarbon feedstream are catalytically oxidized by combining the hydrocarbon feedstream with a catalytic reaction mixture that includes a peroxide that is soluble in water or in a polar organic acid, at least one carboxylic acid, and a catalyst that is a transition metal salt selected from the group consisting of (NH4)2WO4, (NH4)6W12O40.H2O, Na2WO4, Li2WO4, K2WO4, MgWO4, (NH4)2MoO4, (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O, MnO0 and NaVO3; the mixture is vigorously agitated for a time that is sufficient to oxidize the sulfur-containing compounds to form sulfoxides and sulfones; the reaction mixture is allowed to stand and separate into a lower aqueous layer containing the catalyst and an upper hydrocarbon layer that is recovered and from which the oxidized sulfur compounds are removed, as by solvent extraction, distillation or selective adsorption.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a catalyst which comprises activating a catalyst precursor comprising a cobalt compound and a support with a gas comprising at least 5 mol % of a hydrocarbon.