Abstract: A battery module is disclosed, which includes: a multiplicity of battery cells; a printed circuit board with a first series-connector with a first pad area and a second pad area, and a second series-connector with a third pad area and a fourth pad area; a cross-connector, which connects the first series-connector between the first pad area and the second pad area with the second series-connector between the third pad area and the fourth pad area; and a sensor configured to detect a cross-current at the cross-connector. The first contact electrode of a first battery cell is connected with the first pad area. The second contact electrode of a second battery cell is connected with the second pad area. The first contact electrode of a third battery cell is connected with the third pad area. The second contact electrode of a fourth battery cell is connected with the fourth pad area.

Abstract: A state of charge of a battery is estimated by a battery model specific to the battery. The battery model provides a section-wise defined correlation of terminal voltage values depending on state of charge values. Each of sections of the battery model delimits a monotonic dependence of the correlation from others of the sections. By segmenting the correlation of terminal voltage values depending on a state of charge value into sections, each segment within such the section-wise defined correlation of terminal voltage values depending on state of charge values is mathematically spoken a bi-unique function suitable for transformation into an inverse function defined within the section. The estimated state of charge may be continuously refined by an iterative feedback loop including coulomb counting for estimating a battery charge value, where refined estimated battery charge values state of charge values at a previous cycle are projected forward to the current cycle.

Abstract: A state of charge of a battery is estimated by a battery model specific to the battery. The battery model provides a section-wise defined correlation of terminal voltage values depending on state of charge values. Each of sections of the battery model delimits a monotonic dependence of the correlation from others of the sections. By segmenting the correlation of terminal voltage values depending on a state of charge value into sections, each segment within such the section-wise defined correlation of terminal voltage values depending on state of charge values is mathematically spoken a bi-unique function suitable for transformation into an inverse function defined within the section. The estimated state of charge may be continuously refined by an iterative feedback loop including coulomb counting for estimating a battery charge value, where refined estimated battery charge values state of charge values at a previous cycle are projected forward to the current cycle.

Abstract: A battery module is disclosed, which includes: a multiplicity of battery cells; a printed circuit board with a first series-connector with a first pad area and a second pad area, and a second series-connector with a third pad area and a fourth pad area; a cross-connector, which connects the first series-connector between the first pad area and the second pad area with the second series-connector between the third pad area and the fourth pad area; and a sensor configured to detect a cross-current at the cross-connector. The first contact electrode of a first battery cell is connected with the first pad area. The second contact electrode of a second battery cell is connected with the second pad area. The first contact electrode of a third battery cell is connected with the third pad area. The second contact electrode of a fourth battery cell is connected with the fourth pad area.