Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device including a pair of substrates, at least one of which bears plural areas formed by using a uniform arrangement of surface free energy; a polymeric wall made of a polymeric material formed by polymerizing a polymerizable material, sandwiched between the substrates and formed in part of the plural areas having a first surface free energy; and a plurality of liquid crystal regions made of a liquid crystal material substantially surrounded by the polymeric wall, sandwiched between the substrates, and formed in another part of the plural areas having a second surface free energy. In this liquid crystal display device, positions of the areas having the first surface free energy, the areas having the second surface free energy, the polymeric wall and the liquid crystal region are determined so that the first surface free energy .gamma..sub.P, the second surface free energy .gamma..sub.E, surface free energy .gamma..sub.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal display device includes a plurality of pixels, and each of the plurality of pixels includes ferroelectric liquid crystal material having ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules therein capable of being aligned in a first stable alignment state, whereby a principal axis of each of the molecules is aligned at an angle .omega. with respect to a central line, and of being aligned in a second stable alignment state, whereby the principal axis of each of the molecules is aligned at an angle -.omega. with respect to the central line, and a pair of polarizers on opposite sides of the ferroelectric liquid crystal material, a polarizing axis of one of the polarizers being substantially aligned with the central line.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a ferroelectric liquid crystal layer. The ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules have pretilt directions defined by first direction vectors obtained by orthogonally projecting first imaginary vectors to each surface of a pair of substrates. The first imaginary vectors are parallel to the liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer in the vicinity of the substrates and directed away from each surface of the pair of substrates toward a center portion of the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer in its thickness direction. The ferroelectric liquid crystal layer has a chevron layered structure. A bending direction of the smectic layers is the same direction as the first direction vector obtained by orthogonally projecting a second imaginary vector to the substrates.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device of this invention, includes: a pair of substrates, at least one of which is transparent; and a liquid crystal layer including a plurality of polymer walls and liquid crystal regions surrounded by the plurality of polymer walls and being interposed between the pair of substrates, wherein each substrate includes a display section having a plurality of electrodes for display at a side adjacent to the liquid crystal layer and a non-display section provided around the display section, and wherein a polymer wall formation rate in the peripheral region of the display section is 90% or more.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a first substrate having a single-crystalline silicon layer on one surface thereof; a transparent second substrate disposed opposite the first substrate, the surface of the first substrate having the single-crystalline silicon layer thereon facing the second substrate with a ferroelectric liquid crystal layer sandwiched therebetween; and a plurality of circuit elements formed in the single-crystalline silicon layer in a corresponding relationship to each of a plurality of pixel areas formed on the surface of the first substrate which faces the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element which includes two opposing electrodes, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between said electrodes, wherein an alignment film for aligning a liquid crystal of said liquid crystal layer in at least three different directions is disposed above a side of said liquid crystal layer of at least one of said electrodes is disclosed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprising: a pair of substrates disposed in an opposed relation each having an electrode formed in a selected pattern on the opposed surface thereof, and an orientation film formed over the entire opposed surface including the electrode; a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the substrates; and a driver means for shifting longitudinal molecular axes of the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal layer; said liquid crystal layer comprising a composition of a nematic liquid crystal having a splay elastic constant K.sub.11 and a twist elastic constant K.sub.22, and the ratio K.sub.11 /K.sub.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal display device comprises a pair of substrates having respective electrodes formed on opposed surfaces thereof, a ferroelectric liquid crystal sandwiched between the pair of substrates, a pixel formed between the opposed electrodes, and partition walls formed on the electrodes and dividing the pixel into differently-sized partition areas.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a pair of substrates provided with electrodes, at least one of the substrates being transparent, a liquid crystal region and a polymeric wall surrounding the liquid crystal region, the liquid crystal region and the polymeric wall being interposed between the pair of substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes upper and lower substrates having upper and lower electrodes formed on a surface of respective upper and lower substrates, and upper and lower orientation films formed over the surface of respective upper and lower electrodes. A nematic liquid crystal is sandwiched between the upper and lower substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes: two substrates facing each other, at least one of the substrates being transparent; electrodes disposed on inside surfaces of the respective substrates; a display medium which is provided between the two substrates and formed of polymer walls containing a polymer as their main component and liquid crystal regions containing liquid crystal as their main component; and a plurality of pixels, wherein the liquid crystal regions are partitioned by the polymer walls and are close to the substrates, portions of the liquid crystal regions close to the substrates being in parallel with the substrates, an interval a between the center of one liquid crystal region and the center of an adjacent liquid crystal region in a direction along the surface of the substrate is within a width of one pixel along the direction, and 80% or more of the intervals a satisfy the relationship: 3b/2>a>b/2, where b is an average of the intervals a.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lighting device including a light source; a reflecting mirror for reflecting light emitted by the light source in a determined direction; and a compensating element for receiving the light from the reflecting mirror and allowing the light to outgo in the form of parallel rays. Further, a projection type image display system including the above-mentioned lighting device and a display element for forming an image by receiving light from the lighting device is provided. According to the present invention, light can be emitted with a satisfactory degree of parallelization and an even illuminance, constant irregularity due to the photoelasticity can be degraded, and the degradation in brightness of a projected image due to a low ratio of aperture can be avoided. Thus, a uniform image with no illuminance irregularity can be projected.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal display device comprising upper and lower substrates arranged opposite each other, each provided with electrodes on their respective surface, an insulating film formed on the electrodes on each substrate, an orientation film formed on the insulating film and subjected to a uniaxial orientation treatment, the orientation film with the same orientation direction on each of the two substrates, a liquid crystal composition with a chiral smectic C phase injected between the two substrates, drive means for switching an optical axis of the liquid crystals in the liquid crystal composition by selectively applying a voltage to the electrodes, means for optically identifying the switching of the optical axis, in which when the drive means is operated, the liquid crystal composition can reverse its molecular direction near the substrate and show a chevron structure which bends in a dogleg shape as a layer structure when it shows the chiral smectic C phase wherein a bending direction of the

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprising a pair of opposite transparent substrates, an orientation film provided on the facing side of each of said substrates via a transparent electode, and ferroelectric liquid crystals capable of exhibiting a smectic phase sandwiched between said pair of substrates, said orientation film being made of a polyimide resin formed from bis(4-aminocyclohexyl) methane as a base component and an aromatic tetracarboxylic acid anhydride having one or two benzene rings as an acid component.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal device (81) has transparent plates (83a, 83b), on which transparent electrodes (85a, 85b) are formed, arranged opposed to each other to form a space therebetween, with ferroelectric liquid crystals (95) sealed in the space. Black masks (89b) are arranged between the transparent electrodes (85b). Portions of the black masks (89b) extend over the transparent electrodes (85b). Black masks (89a) are arranged between the transparent electrodes (85a), with portions of the black masks (89a) extending over the transparent electrodes (85a). Since black masks (89a, 89b) are provided between the transparent electrodes (85a, 85b), respectively, state of display can be made uniform in non-pixel portions. Since the black masks (89a, 89b) on the transparent electrodes (85a, 85b) prevents undesired inversion of spontaneous polarization of the liquid crystal molecules in the pixel portions, the state of display of the pixel portions can be made stable.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal shutter including two light transmitting substrates each having a transparent electrode formed on one surface thereof and an orientation film formed over the electrode, the substrates are arranged with their orientation films opposed to each other. A ferroelectric liquid crystal having spontaneous polarization is sandwiched between the two substrates. The orientation film of one of the substrates is a first polymer film capable of restricting to one direction the orientation of spontaneous polarization of liquid crystal molecules present in the vicinity of the interface between the film and the liquid crystal by a contact potential difference resulting from the contact therebetween.