Abstract: Upon forming a railway car composed of plural hollow shape members 40, annealed hollow shape members are used to form the ends of an underframe 30. The hollow shape members 40 are disposed so that their longitudinal orientation equals the longitudinal direction of the car body. The underframe 30 is formed by disposing plural hollow shape members 40 adjacent one another in the width direction and welding them together by friction stir welding. When the hollow shape members receive impact load, the ends of the members deform into concertinas, thereby absorbing the impact force. At this time, the friction stir welded portions also receive the impact force, but cracks are not created at the friction-stir-weld joints, and the weld joints do not prevent the hollow shape members from deforming into concertinas.

Abstract: An abutted portion of face plates (12b and 22b) of hollow frame members (10 and 20) is carried out according to a friction stir joining. Next, a connection member (30) is mounted, one end of the connection member (30) is abutted to an end portion of the face plate (11) of the hollow frame member (10). Under this condition, the abutted portion between the face plate (11) and the connection member (30) is carried out according to the friction stir joining. An overlapping portion between another end of the connection member (30) and the hollow frame member (20) is carried out according to the friction stir joining. According to demands, the connection member (30) and the face plate (21) of the hollow member (20) are welded. Without of regard of a dimension accuracy of the hollow frame member and the like, a good joining from one side face of the hollow frame member can be carried out.

Abstract: Upon forming a railway car composed of plural hollow shape members 40, annealed hollow shape members are used to form the ends of an underframe 30. The hollow shape members 40 are disposed so that their longitudinal orientation equals the longitudinal direction of the car body. The underframe 30 is formed by disposing plural hollow shape members 40 adjacent one another in the width direction and welding them together by friction stir welding. When the hollow shape members receive impact load, the ends of the members deform into concertinas, thereby absorbing the impact force. At this time, the friction stir welded portions also receive the impact force, but cracks are not created at the friction-stir-weld joints, and the weld joints do not prevent the hollow shape members from deforming into concertinas.

Abstract: A hollow frame member is constituted by two face plates 11, 12 (21, 22) joined in a truss shape by ribs. End portions of one of the face plates are positioned in the vicinity of an apex of the truss structure of the hollow frame member. End portions of the other of the face plates have a projection extending toward the end portions of the face plates. The face plates are joined by friction stir welding. Due to the presence of the ribs, the load during the friction stir welding time is easily supported.

Abstract: An abutted portion of face plates 12b and 22b of hollow frame members 10 and 20 is carried out according to a friction stir joining. Next, a connection member 30 is mounted, one end of the connection member 30 is abutted to an end portion of the face plate 11 of the hollow frame member 10. Under this condition, the abutted portion between the face plate 11 and the connection member 30 is carried out according to the friction stir joining. An overlapping portion between another end of the connection member 30 and the hollow frame member 20 is carried out according to the friction stir joining. According to demands, the connection member 30 and the face plate 21 of the hollow member 20 is welded. Without of regard of a dimension accuracy of the hollow frame member and the like, a good joining from one side face of the hollow frame member can be carried out.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to weld a hollow-shaped material from one side, regardless of the size accuracy of the hollow-shaped material or the like, and to form the joint with higher strength. Projecting segments 12b, 22b of face plates of hollow-shaped materials 10, 20 are friction stir welded from above. Next, a connecting material 30 is placed on the upper face plates 11, 21 of the hollow-shaped materials 10, 20, and is friction stir welded from above. The welding region exists at the node between a rib connecting the two face plates 11, 12 (21, 22) and the face plate 11 (21,). The joint of the connecting material 30 and the face plates 11, 21 are lap joint. Not butt joint. Therefore, the hollow-shaped materials could be welded with ease, even though there exists manufacturing tolerance, or tolerance in arrangement of the hollow-shaped materials 10, 20.

Abstract: A hollow frame member is constituted by two face plates 11, 12 (21, 22) joined in a truss shape by ribs. End portions of one of the face plates are positioned in the vicinity of an apex of the truss structure of the hollow frame member. End portions of the other of the face plates have a projection extending toward the end portions of the face plates. The face plates are joined by friction stir welding. Due to the presence of the ribs, the load during the friction stir welding time is easily supported.

Abstract: A hollow frame member is constituted by joining with a truss shape by ribs 13, 13A, 13B (23, 23A, 23B) between two face plates 11, 12 (21, 22). An end portion of one of the hollow frame member 10 is connected according to the rib 13A for constituting the truss. A face plate 21 of another hollow frame member 20 is joined at a vicinity of an apex of the truss of the hollow frame member 10. A face plate of the hollow frame member 10 is joined at a vicinity of an apex of the truss of the another hollow frame member 20. A load during a friction stir joining is received according to the ribs 13A, 13B (13A, 23B). Since the truss structure is formed totally, the light weight structure and the high rigidity performance can be obtained.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to weld a hollow-shaped material from one side, regardless of the size accuracy of the hollow-shaped material or the like, and to form the joint with higher strength. Projecting segments 12b, 22b of face plates of hollow-shaped materials 10, 20 are friction stir welded from above. Next, a connecting material 30 is placed on the upper face plates 11, 21 of the hollow-shaped materials 10, 20, and is friction stir welded from above. The welding region exists at the node between a rib connecting the two face plates 11, 12 (21, 22) and the face plate 11 (21). The joint of the connecting material 30 and the face plates 11, 21 are lap joint. Not butt joint. Therefore, the hollow-shaped materials could be welded with ease, even though there exists manufacturing tolerance, or tolerance in arrangement of the hollow-shaped materials 10, 20.

Abstract: A hollow frame member is constituted by two face plates 11, 12 (21, 22) joined in a truss shape by ribs 13, 13A, 13B (23, 23A, 23B). End portions of one of the face plates 11 and 21 are positioned in the vicinity of an apex of the truss structure of the hollow frame member. End portions of the other of the face plates 12b and 22b have a projection extending toward the end portions of the face plates 11 and 21. The face plates 12b and 22b are joined by friction stir welding from an upper portion. Next, a connection member 30 is arranged between the ends of the face plates 11 and 21, and from an upper portion the friction stir welding is again carried out. Due to the presence of the ribs 13A, 13B (23A, 23B), the load during the friction stir welding time is easily supported. Since the truss structure is formed totally, a light weight structure with a high rigidity performance can be obtained.

Abstract: End portions of extruded frame members 50 and 60 have increased thickness portions 56 and 66 which project toward an outer side thereof. A rotary body 70 is inserted into the increased thickness portions 56 and 66 and is rotated so as to carry out friction stir welding of the frame members. A large diameter portion 71 of the rotary body 70 is inserted to a position between the apex of the increased thickness portion and an extension line of an outer face of the plates 51 and 61 of the extruded frame members 50 and 60 as the rotary body 70 is rotated. Further, the rotary body 70 is reciprocated in a direction orthogonal to the welding line as it is moved along the welding line. Accordingly, friction stir welding can be carried out fully. In the friction stir welding, due to a rotation of the rotary body 70, even when a gap g between two extruded frame members to be subjected to welding is large, it is possible to carry out the friction stir welding.

Abstract: An abutted portion of face plates 12b and 22b of hollow frame members 10 and 20 is carried out according to a friction stir joining. Next, a connection member 30 is mounted, one end of the connection member 30 is abutted to an end portion of the face plate 11 of the hollow frame member 10. Under this condition, the abutted portion between the face plate 11 and the connection member 30 is carried out according to the friction stir joining. An overlapping portion between another end of the connection member 30 and the hollow frame member 20 is carried out according to the friction stir joining. According to demands, the connection member 30 and the face plate 21 of the hollow member 20 is welded. Without of regard of a dimension accuracy of the hollow frame member and the like, a good joining from one side face of the hollow frame member can be carried out.

Abstract: An abutted portion of face plates 12b and 22b of hollow frame members 10 and 20 is carried out according to a friction stir joining. Next, a connection member 30 is mounted, one end of the connection member 30 is abutted to an end portion of the face plate 11 of the hollow frame member 10. Under this condition, the abutted portion between the face plate 11 and the connection member 30 is carried out according to the friction stir joining. An overlapping portion between another end of the connection member 30 and the hollow frame member 20 is carried out according to the friction stir joining. According to demands, the connection member 30 and the face plate 21 of the hollow member 20 is welded. Without of regard of a dimension accuracy of the hollow frame member and the like, a good joining from one side face of the hollow frame member can be carried out.

Abstract: An abutted portion of face plates 11b and 22b of hollow frame members 10 and 20 is carried out according to a friction stir joining. Next, a connection member 30 is mounted, one end of the connection member 30 is abutted to an end portion of the face plate 11 of the hollow frame member 10. Under this condition, the abutted portion between the face plate 11 and the connection member 30 is carried out according to the friction stir joining. An overlapping portion between another end of the connection member 30 and the hollow frame member 20 is carried out according to the friction stir joining. According to demands, the connection member 30 and the face plate 21 of the hollow member 20 is welded. Without of regard of a dimension accuracy of the hollow frame member and the like, a good joining from one side face of the hollow frame member can be carried out.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to weld a hollow-shaped material from one side, regardless of the size accuracy of the hollow-shaped material or the like, and to form the joint with higher strength. Projecting segments 12b, 22b of face plates of hollow-shaped materials 10, 20 are friction stir welded from above. Next, a connecting material 30 is placed on the upper face plates 11, 21 of the hollow-shaped materials 10, 20, and is friction stir welded from above. The welding region exists at the node between a rib connecting the two face plates 11, 12 (21, 22) and the face plate 11 (21). The joint of the connecting material 30 and the face plates 11, 21 are lap joint. Not butt joint. Therefore, the hollow-shaped materials could be welded with ease, even though there exists manufacturing tolerance, or tolerance in arrangement of the hollow-shaped materials 10, 20.

Abstract: A flame detecting apparatus used in a combustion control apparatus for a water heater provided with a gas burner comprises a pressure switch serving as means for detecting presence or absence of flame and a voltage comparison circuit serving as means for determining the presence or absence of the flame on the basis of the input signal supplied by the pressure switch. The voltage comparison circuit has an offset voltage and has a non-inverting input terminal connected only to the ground.