Abstract: In a workpiece fixing jig, at least a top surface and a bottom surface of a base plate is made of fiber reinforced plastic. The base plate has an attachment hole that extends through the base plate in a thickness direction, and an insert member made of a metal is attached to the base plate such that the insert member is inserted in the attachment hole. The insert member has a flow path hole that functions as a fluid channel for enabling fluid to through the base plate.

Abstract: Vitamin K2 is separated from a cultured product of a Bacillus bacterium such as Bacillus natto by insolubilizing vitamin K2 contained in the cultured product using a metal ion of bivalent or more and separating the insolubilized vitamin K2 from the cultured product.

Abstract: A knocking vibration detecting unit (1) and a knock deciding unit (c) are integrated, and the communications of a knock intensity between the knock deciding unit (c) and an engine controlling microcomputer (7) are carried out in combination of a change from the previous value of a signal line level. In the engine controlling microcomputer (7), the ignition timing is controlled by a predetermined retard angle in case of combination of no change of the present read signal line level from the previous signal line level.Thus, an internal combustion engine is prevented from any damage by relieving a failure without fail when a signal line (10) is troubled, while minimizing the influences of noises and reducing the space and size of an ECU.

Abstract: A composite loop communication network formed by combining a plurality of loop communication paths each provided with terminals with one another through a plurality of loop coupling devices so as to form a loop, is disclosed in which one of the terminals of each loop communication path is used as a management terminal, the management terminal of a loop communication path sets routing information on the communication between the loop communication path and a loop communication path adjacent thereto in a loop coupling device, and the loop coupling device selectively takes in data flowing through the former loop communication path, on the basis of the above routing information, to send the data from the loop coupling device to the latter loop communication path, thereby making possible the communication between terminals of different loop communication paths.

Abstract: An ignition timing control arrangement for an internal combustion engine having a plurality of cylinders. It is determined whether the same cylinder is knocking on successive engine cycles or whether different cylinders are knocking. The ignition timing of only a single cylinder is retarded to cause a non-knocking ignition if the same cylinder is knocking on successive engine cycles. However, ignition timing of all cylinders is retarded to minimize the knocking and maximize the engine torque if different cylinders are knocking.

Abstract: The ignition timing of an internal combustion engine is controlled to an optimum by compensating for engine knock. A microcomputer includes a memory for storing steady-state and transient-state ignition timing variables which are derived as a function of an operating condition of the engine. If engine knock occurs during a steady running state, the stored steady-state ignition timing variable is trimmed and if engine knock occurs during a transient state, the stored transient-state ignition timing variable is trimmed. Ignition is caused to occur in response to the stored value of the trimmed steady-state or transient-state ignition variable according to the detected engine condition.

Abstract: Ignition timing for an internal combustion engine is controlled by subtracting a retard correction amount from a basic ignition timing. When engine knocking is detected, the retard correction amount is retarded from the basic ignition timing, but not so that the controlled timing drops below a predetermined limit. If knocking is not detected, the retard correction amount is advanced to thereby control the ignition timing towards, but not exceeding, a knocking limit.

Abstract: In a system for retarding an ignition timing of the engine depending on a signal from a knock detector, the knocking intensity and the knocking frequency are discriminated in accordance with the signal of the knock detector. On the basis of the discriminated results, the system provides a small amount of retard angle for ignition timing per one knocking when the knocking frequency is low, that is, the interval between knocking signals is long and the intensity of knocking is light. On the contrary, the system provides a large amount of retard angle when the interval is short and the intensity is heavy.

Abstract: A method for controlling the ignition timing of internal combustion engines by reducing the amount of correction of ignition timing with each change of direction of the correction. This increases the speed of approach to the approximate optimum ignition timing yet minimizes variation of ignition timing near the optimum state.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine ignition timing control system with knock control detects the knocking in an engine and the acceleration of the engine speed to control the ignition timing of the engine. The ignition timing of the engine is retarded in response to the detection of knocking in the engine and the amount of retard is increased as compared with the amount of retard provided under the steady-state condition when the knocking occurs during the acceleration operation of the engine and the frequency of occurrence of knocking is high.

Abstract: In a knocking discriminating system for an internal combustion engine, a knocking detecting signal obtained from a knocking sensor is passed through a band-pass filter for obtaining a sinusoidal waveform of approximately 8 KHz. The sinusoidal waveform signal is then applied to an A/D converter, the operational timing of which is controlled by a microcomputer, so that only a part of the knocking detecting signal nearby the peak portion is converted into digital values. A discrimination level is prepared from the average value of the digital values, and the knocking status is discriminated by comparing the maximum value of the digital values thus converted with the discriminating level.

Abstract: A spark timing control apparatus controls the spark timing to retard or advance in accordance with the output signal from a knock sensor. An accelerating condition of the engine is determined depending on a particular knock occurence patterns including; whether the interval of knock occurences is larger or small, the total amount of retard angles is larger or small, or the frequency of knock occurences. When the accelerating condition is determined, the advancing rate of the spark timing is increased until a steady state of the engine operation is determined based on the output signal of the knock sensor.

Abstract: Engine operating parameters are detected to set a basic ignition timing, and this basic ignition timing is forcibly changed to effect feedback control in which an engine output parameter is detected for finding an optimum combination of ignition timings of the individual cylinders. The ignition timing for all the cylinders is uniformly changed for a predetermined period of time so that engine output increases, and then ignition timing is individually controlled for each of the cylinders so that ignition timing of each cylinder is optimum. The engine is operated with a plurality of different ignition timing combinations, where the number of the combinations equals the number of the cylinders plus one. The average value of various ignition timings of the plurality of combinations is calculated, and the combination giving the lowest engine output parameter is detected.

Abstract: Engine parameters are detected to set a basic ignition timing, and this basic ignition timing is forcibly changed to effect feedback control in which engine output is detected for finding an optimum combination of ignition timings of the individual cylinders. Engine is operated with a plurality of different ignition timing combinations, where the number of the combinations equals the number of the cylinders added by one. The engine is further operated with one of the ignition timing combinations so that the engine is operated twice with an identical ignition timing combination. As a result engine output change caused by factors other than ignition timing change is detected. Thus, one of a plurality of ignition timing combinations, which gives the lowest engine speed is found and is replaced with a new ignition timing combination with which the engine produces higher output. The replacement is carried out selectively in accordance with the variation rate of the engine output data.

Abstract: Engine parameters are detected to set a basic ignition timing, and this basic ignition timing is forcibly changed to effect feedback control in which engine output is detected for finding an optimum combination of ignition timings of the individual cylinders. Engine is operated with a plurality of different ignition timing combinations, where the number of the combinations equals the number of the cylinders added by one. The engine is further operated with one of the ignition timing combination so that the engine is operated twice with an identical ignition timing combination. As a result engine output change caused by factors other than ignition timing change is detected. Thus, one of a plurality of ignition timing combinations, which gives the lowest engine speed only because of the change in ignition timing is found and is replaced with a new ignition timing combination with which the engine produces higher output.

Abstract: In ignition timing control system for an internal combustion engine, a knocking detector is provided to detect knockings of the engine, and a control unit responsive to the knocking signals of the knocking detector to provide a variable retard amount signal per one knocking which depends on whether the occurrence of another knocking is decided before the lapse of a predetermined time interval from the decision of the knocking.

Abstract: Engine parameters are detected to set a basic ignition timing, and this basic ignition timing is forcibly changed to effect feedback control in which engine output is detected for finding an optimum ignition timing. Engine is operated with a plurality of different ignition timings, where the number of the ignition timings is at least two, and engine output data for each ignition timing is measured to find which ignition timing causes a higher engine output. Thus, one of the plurality of ignition timings, which gives the lowest engine speed is replaced with a new ignition timing with which the engine produces higher output.

Abstract: A method in a multicylinder engine, for obtaining the single combination of ignition timings for the individual cylinders producing the maximum engine speed. A group of combinations of ignition timings is selected, then the engine is successively operated by each combination. The combination producing the lowest engine speed is determined and replaced by a new combination of ignition timings capable of increasing the engine speed. The new combination is calculated by use of a predetermined formula. This procedure is repeated to obtain the single combination of ignition timings producing the maximum engine speed.

Abstract: A knocking detecting apparatus for an internal combustion engine with a knocking detector for detecting a factor of knocking in the engine and a circuit for generating a knocking discrimination level in response to the output signal of the knocking detector, for detecting knocking by comparing the output signal of the knocking detector and the knocking discrimination level. The knocking detecting apparatus comprises a circuit for clamping the output of the knocking discrimination level generator circuit such that the knocking discrimination level does not exceed a predetermined voltage.

Abstract: An ignition timing control system for an internal combustion engine includes a knocking reference level generator having an operational amplifier. The operational amplifier receives at its inverting terminal a filtered knock signal and produces a half-wave signal through a diode. The half-wave output signal of the diode is fed back to the inverting terminal of the operational amplifier through a feedback parallel circuit of a resistor and a capacitor.