Abstract: An object of the present disclosure is to provide a phase modulator, a lighting system, and a projector that allow for improving diffraction efficiency in a light phase modulation element. The phase modulator according to the present disclosure includes a light phase modulation element that has a plurality of pixels arranged with the pixel pitches p being different from each other to have a pixel structure suppressing occurrence of high-order diffraction light and that modulates a phase of light with respect to each of the pixels. Moreover, the phase modulator according to the present disclosure includes a capturing optical system that captures a plurality of fluxes of high-order diffraction light generated in each of the pixels.

Abstract: This light emitting device includes a light emitting element and a light flux controlling member. The light flux controlling member includes an incident surface, an emission surface, a back surface, a protruding portion and a scattering portion. In a cross section including a central axis, an angle formed by two beams, which are emitted from the light emitting device and have a maximum luminous intensity, is 150° or more. In a cross section including a central axis, predetermined light is made incident at an incident angle of 60° and an average angle, which is formed by, among the light reflected by the scattering portion, a light ray having a maximum light amount and a light ray having a light amount of 50% of the maximum light amount, is 5° or more.

Abstract: A light flux controlling member for controlling a distribution of light emitted from a light-emitting element includes an incidence surface configured to allow the light to enter the light flux controlling member; an emission surface configured to emit light; and a reflection part including an inclined surface configured to reflect light entered from the incidence surface, wherein in a cross-section, a region where light emitted from a light emission center of the light-emitting element that is entered from the incidence surface and sequentially reflected by the emission surface and the inclined surface reaches in the emission surface includes a portion where a derivative value of a gradient of a tangent to a given point in the emission surface is 0, or a portion where a sign of the derivative value reverses.

Abstract: This light emitting device includes a light emitting element and a light flux controlling member. The light flux controlling member includes an incident surface, an emission surface, a back surface, a protruding portion and a scattering portion. In a cross section including a central axis, an angle formed by two beams, which are emitted from the light emitting device and have a maximum luminous intensity, is 150° or more. In a cross section including a central axis, predetermined light is made incident at an incident angle of 60° and an average angle, which is formed by, among the light reflected by the scattering portion, a light ray having a maximum light amount and a light ray having a light amount of 50% of the maximum light amount, is 5° or more.

Abstract: A luminous flux control member has: an incident surface, an emission surface; a back surface; and a plurality of recessed or projecting first quadrangular pyramid parts placed in grid form on at least a portion of the back surface. The first quadrangular pyramid part includes: a first inclined plane that is inclined so as to face the back side as separation increases from the central axis; a second inclined plane that is inclined so as to face the front side as separation increases from the central axis; and a connecting part that connects the first inclined plane and the second inclined plane. In a cross section including the central axis and the center of the connecting part, the first inclined plane is larger than the second inclined plane.

Abstract: A surface light source device includes a substrate, a plurality of light emitting devices and a light diffusion plate. Each light emitting device includes a light emitting element and a light flux controlling member. A cross section, perpendicular to the central axis of the light flux controlling member, of the emission surface is line-symmetric with respect to the X-axis and the Y-axis, and the cross section has the shortest length along the X-axis and the longest length along the Y-axis. For the light flux controlling member of one of the light emitting devices that is disposed closest to a corner of the light diffusion plate in plan view, a part having a largest curvature in the emission surface on the cross section of the emission surface is located closer to the X-axis than an intersection point of a light beam with the emission surface is.

Abstract: A light flux controlling member for controlling a distribution of light emitted from a light-emitting element includes an incidence surface configured to allow the light to enter the light flux controlling member; an emission surface configured to emit light; and a reflection part including an inclined surface configured to reflect light entered from the incidence surface, wherein in a cross-section, a region where light emitted from a light emission center of the light-emitting element that is entered from the incidence surface and sequentially reflected by the emission surface and the inclined surface reaches in the emission surface includes a portion where a derivative value of a gradient of a tangent to a given point in the emission surface is 0, or a portion where a sign of the derivative value reverses.

Abstract: A surface light source device includes a substrate, a plurality of light emitting devices and a light diffusion plate. Each light emitting device includes a light emitting element and a light flux controlling member. A cross section, perpendicular to the central axis of the light flux controlling member, of the emission surface is line-symmetric with respect to the X-axis and the Y-axis, and the cross section has the shortest length along the X-axis and the longest length along the Y-axis. For the light flux controlling member of one of the light emitting devices that is disposed closest to a corner of the light diffusion plate in plan view, a part having a largest curvature in the emission surface on the cross section of the emission surface is located closer to the X-axis than an intersection point of a light beam with the emission surface is.

Abstract: An object of the present disclosure is to provide a phase modulator, a lighting system, and a projector that allow for improving diffraction efficiency in a light phase modulation element. The phase modulator according to the present disclosure includes a light phase modulation element that has a plurality of pixels arranged with the pixel pitches p being different from each other to have a pixel structure suppressing occurrence of high-order diffraction light and that modulates a phase of light with respect to each of the pixels. Moreover, the phase modulator according to the present disclosure includes a capturing optical system that captures a plurality of fluxes of high-order diffraction light generated in each of the pixels.

Abstract: This light flux control member comprises an incidence surface, an emission surface, and a plurality of protruding strips. The plurality of protruding strips are disposed approximately perpendicularly to a central axis. When the section perpendicular to the central axis of the incidence surface has the shape of an ellipse, at least some of the plurality of protruding strips are disposed outside a recessed part in the minor axis direction of the ellipse and along the minor axis direction. When the section of the emission surface has the shape of an ellipse, at least some of the plurality of protruding strips are disposed outside the recessed part in the major axis direction of the ellipse and along the major axis direction.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lens for a light emitting element (a luminous flux control member) that can ensure sufficient spread of light even with a smaller number of light emitting elements. The luminous flux control member (10) of the present invention includes: a dome shaped aspherical lens body (11). The lens body (11) includes: a base surface (13); and a dome shaped curved surface (12).

Abstract: This light bundle control member comprises an incident surface, an exit surface, a plurality of grooves, and a plurality of ridges. At least one of the incident surface and the exit surface has an elliptical cross section perpendicular to a central axis of the light bundle control member. The grooves are arranged on the back side of the light bundle control member successively from the central axis side toward the outer edge side of the light bundle control member. Each of the grooves includes a step surface positioned on the central axis side, and an inclined surface positioned on the outer edge side. The ridges are respectively arranged on the inclined surface of each of the grooves. Each of the ridges includes a first reflecting surface, a second reflecting surface, and a ridge line arranged between the first reflecting surface and the second reflecting surface.

Abstract: This light flux control member comprises an incidence surface, an emission surface, and a plurality of protruding strips. The plurality of protruding strips are disposed approximately perpendicularly to a central axis. When the section perpendicular to the central axis of the incidence surface has the shape of an ellipse, at least some of the plurality of protruding strips are disposed outside a recessed part in the minor axis direction of the ellipse and along the minor axis direction. When the section of the emission surface has the shape of an ellipse, at least some of the plurality of protruding strips are disposed outside the recessed part in the major axis direction of the ellipse and along the major axis direction.

Abstract: This luminous flux control member has: a plane of incidence having a first incidence plane and a second incidence plane; an emission plane; and a second concavity. The luminous flux control member satisfies the expression h1<h2+d×cot(?1+?2), where h1 is the space between the apex of the second concavity and a second imaginary line orthogonal to the center axis and that passes through the aperture edge portion, h2 is the space between the second imaginary line and the incidence position of light on the second incidence plane, d is the distance between the incidence position and the apex in the direction orthogonal to the center axis, ?1 is the angle of refraction of light in the incidence position, and ?2 is the angle of the tangent line at the incidence position in relation to the second imaginary line.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lens for a light emitting element (a luminous flux control member) that can ensure sufficient spread of light even with a smaller number of light emitting elements. The luminous flux control member (10) of the present invention includes: a dome shaped aspherical lens body (11). The lens body (11) includes: a base surface (13); and a dome shaped curved surface (12).

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a light flux control member capable of suppressing brightness variation due to light refracted by an inclined surface. The light flux control member comprises: an entry surface which is an inner surface of a recess portion formed on a back side; an emission surface which is formed on a front side; and an annular groove portion which is formed on the back side and outside the entry surface. The annular groove portion includes an outside inclined surface and an inside surface. The inside surface includes a plurality of retroreflective portions.

Abstract: This luminous flux control member has: a plane of incidence having a first incidence plane and a second incidence plane; an emission plane; and a second concavity. The luminous flux control member satisfies the expression h1<h2+d×cot(?1+?2), where h1 is the space between the apex of the second concavity and a second imaginary line orthogonal to the center axis and that passes through the aperture edge portion, h2 is the space between the second imaginary line and the incidence position of light on the second incidence plane, d is the distance between the incidence position and the apex in the direction orthogonal to the center axis, ?1 is the angle of refraction of light in the incidence position, and ?2 is the angle of the tangent line at the incidence position in relation to the second imaginary line.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a light flux control member capable of suppressing brightness variation due to light refracted by an inclined surface. The light flux control member comprises: an entry surface which is an inner surface of a recess portion formed on a back side; an emission surface which is formed on a front side; and an annular groove portion which is formed on the back side and outside the entry surface. The annular groove portion includes an outside inclined surface and an inside surface. The inside surface includes a plurality of retroreflective portions.

Abstract: The invention provides a transportation device having a shock absorbing device with a reduced non-collapse region. Shock absorbers 14 and 17 constituting a shock absorbing device 10A provided on a transportation device is connected respectively to shock absorbers 17 and 20 disposed rearward therefrom via connecting members 23 and 26 having ashtray-like cross-sectional shapes. The shock absorber 20 disposed at the rearmost position is connected via welding to a base 29. Collapse regions 15, 18 and 21 of the shock absorbers 14, 17 and 20 are collapsed by the load applied to the shock absorbers 14, 17 and 20, and their lengths are shortened. Non-collapse regions 16 and 19 of the shock absorbers 14 and 17 overlap respectively with the non-collapse regions 19 and 22 of the shock absorbers 17 and 20 disposed rearward therefrom.

Abstract: A car structure is provided which has the required strength against vertical load and vibration while avoiding increase in weight of the structure. At an entrance 6 of the railroad car structure 20 in which a side structure 2 is formed by a hollow member, the side structure 2 and a frame 7 are coupled via an L-shaped fitting 10. The L-shaped fitting 10 consists of a first joint part 10a which is in the form of a plate and couples a vehicle outer face plate 8 and a vehicle inner face plate 9 and a second joint part 10b which is in the form of a plate and butt welds a part of the first joint part 10a near the vehicle outer face plate 8 and the frame 7. Plate thickness of the second joint plate 10b is larger than plate thickness of the vehicle outer face plate 8. As a result, the required strength against vertical load can be ensured without increasing the plate thickness of the vehicle outer face plate 8, in other words, with little increase in weight of the structure.